php-doc-en/language/types/array.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!-- $Revision$ -->
<sect1 xml:id="language.types.array">
 <title>Arrays</title>

 <para>
  An <type>array</type> in PHP is actually an ordered map. A map is a type that
  associates <emphasis>values</emphasis> to <emphasis>keys</emphasis>. This type
  is optimized for several different uses; it can be treated as an array,
  list (vector), hash table (an implementation of a map), dictionary,
  collection, stack, queue, and probably more. As <type>array</type> values can
  be other <type>array</type>s, trees and multidimensional <type>array</type>s
  are also possible.
 </para>

 <para>
  Explanation of those data structures is beyond the scope of this manual, but
  at least one example is provided for each of them. For more information, look
  towards the considerable literature that exists about this broad topic.
 </para>
   
 <sect2 xml:id="language.types.array.syntax">
  <title>Syntax</title>
  
  <sect3 xml:id="language.types.array.syntax.array-func">
   <title>Specifying with <function>array</function></title>

   <para>
    An <type>array</type> can be created using the <function>array</function>
    language construct. It takes any number of comma-separated
    <literal><replaceable>key</replaceable> =&gt; <replaceable>value</replaceable></literal> pairs
    as arguments.
   </para>

   <synopsis>
array(
    <optional><replaceable>key</replaceable>  =&gt; </optional><replaceable>value</replaceable>,
    <optional><replaceable>key2</replaceable> =&gt; </optional><replaceable>value2</replaceable>,
    <optional><replaceable>key3</replaceable> =&gt; </optional><replaceable>value3</replaceable>,
    ...
)</synopsis>
   <!-- Do not fix the whitespace for the synopsis end element. A limitation of PhD prevents proper trimming -->

   <para>
    The comma after the last array element is optional and can be omitted. This is usually done
    for single-line arrays, i.e. <literal>array(1, 2)</literal> is preferred over
    <literal>array(1, 2, )</literal>. For multi-line arrays on the other hand the trailing comma
    is commonly used, as it allows easier addition of new elements at the end.
   </para>
   
   <para>
    As of PHP 5.4 you can also use the short array syntax, which replaces
    <literal>array()</literal> with <literal>[]</literal>.
   </para>
   
   <example>
    <title>A simple array</title>
    <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
$array = array(
    "foo" => "bar",
    "bar" => "foo",
);

// as of PHP 5.4
$array = [
    "foo" => "bar",
    "bar" => "foo",
];
?>
]]>
    </programlisting>
   </example>
   
   <para>
    The <replaceable>key</replaceable> can either be an <type>integer</type>
    or a <type>string</type>. The <replaceable>value</replaceable> can be
    of any type.
   </para>
   
   <para>
    Additionally the following <replaceable>key</replaceable> casts will occur:
    <itemizedlist>
     <listitem>
      <simpara>
       <type>String</type>s containing valid <type>integer</type>s will be cast to the
       <type>integer</type> type. E.g. the key <literal>"8"</literal> will actually be
       stored under <literal>8</literal>. On the other hand <literal>"08"</literal> will
       not be cast, as it isn't a valid decimal integer.
      </simpara>
     </listitem>
     <listitem>
      <simpara>
       <type>Float</type>s are also cast to <type>integer</type>s, which means that the
       fractional part will be truncated. E.g. the key <literal>8.7</literal> will actually
       be stored under <literal>8</literal>.
      </simpara>
     </listitem>
     <listitem>
      <simpara>
       <type>Bool</type>s are cast to <type>integer</type>s, too, i.e. the key
       <literal>true</literal> will actually be stored under <literal>1</literal>
       and the key <literal>false</literal> under <literal>0</literal>.
      </simpara>
     </listitem>
     <listitem>
      <simpara>
       <type>Null</type> will be cast to the empty string, i.e. the key
       <literal>null</literal> will actually be stored under <literal>""</literal>.
      </simpara>
     </listitem>
     <listitem>
      <simpara>
       <type>Array</type>s and <type>object</type>s <emphasis>can not</emphasis> be used as keys.
       Doing so will result in a warning: <literal>Illegal offset type</literal>.
      </simpara>
     </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
   </para>
   
   <para>
    If multiple elements in the array declaration use the same key, only the last one
    will be used as all others are overwritten.
   </para>
   
   <example>
    <title>Type Casting and Overwriting example</title>
    <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
$array = array(
    1    => "a",
    "1"  => "b",
    1.5  => "c",
    true => "d",
);
var_dump($array);
?>
]]>
    </programlisting>
    &example.outputs;
    <screen>
<![CDATA[
array(1) {
  [1]=>
  string(1) "d"
}
]]>
    </screen>
    <para>
     As all the keys in the above example are cast to <literal>1</literal>, the value will be overwritten
     on every new element and the last assigned value <literal>"d"</literal> is the only one left over.
    </para>
   </example>  
   
   <para>
    PHP arrays can contain <type>integer</type> and <type>string</type> keys at the same time
    as PHP does not distinguish between indexed and associative arrays.
   </para>
   
   <example>
    <title>Mixed <type>integer</type> and <type>string</type> keys</title>
    <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
$array = array(
    "foo" => "bar",
    "bar" => "foo",
    100   => -100,
    -100  => 100,
);
var_dump($array);
?>
]]>
    </programlisting>
    &example.outputs;
    <screen>
<![CDATA[
array(4) {
  ["foo"]=>
  string(3) "bar"
  ["bar"]=>
  string(3) "foo"
  [100]=>
  int(-100)
  [-100]=>
  int(100)
}
]]>
    </screen>
   </example>
   
   <para>
    The <replaceable>key</replaceable> is optional. If it is not specified, PHP will
    use the increment of the largest previously used <type>integer</type> key.
   </para>
   
   <example>
    <title>Indexed arrays without key</title>
    <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
$array = array("foo", "bar", "hello", "world");
var_dump($array);
?>
]]>
    </programlisting>
    &example.outputs;
    <screen>
<![CDATA[
array(4) {
  [0]=>
  string(3) "foo"
  [1]=>
  string(3) "bar"
  [2]=>
  string(5) "hello"
  [3]=>
  string(5) "world"
}
]]>
    </screen>
   </example>
   
   <para>
    It is possible to specify the key only for some elements and leave it out for others:
   </para>
   
   <example>
    <title>Keys not on all elements</title>
    <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
$array = array(
         "a",
         "b",
    6 => "c",
         "d",
);
var_dump($array);
?>
]]>
    </programlisting>
    &example.outputs;
    <screen>
<![CDATA[
array(4) {
  [0]=>
  string(1) "a"
  [1]=>
  string(1) "b"
  [6]=>
  string(1) "c"
  [7]=>
  string(1) "d"
}
]]>
    </screen>
    <para>
     As you can see the last value <literal>"d"</literal> was assigned the key
     <literal>7</literal>. This is because the largest integer key before that
     was <literal>6</literal>.
    </para>
   </example>
  </sect3>
  
  <sect3 xml:id="language.types.array.syntax.accessing">
   <title>Accessing array elements with square bracket syntax</title>
   
   <para>
    Array elements can be accessed using the <literal>array[key]</literal> syntax.
   </para>
   
   <example>
    <title>Accessing array elements</title>
    <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
$array = array(
    "foo" => "bar",
    42    => 24,
    "multi" => array(
         "dimensional" => array(
             "array" => "foo"
         )
    )
);

var_dump($array["foo"]);
var_dump($array[42]);
var_dump($array["multi"]["dimensional"]["array"]);
?>
]]>
    </programlisting>
    &example.outputs;
    <screen>
<![CDATA[
string(3) "bar"
int(24)
string(3) "foo"
]]>
    </screen>
   </example>
   
   <note>
    <para>
     Both square brackets and curly braces can be used interchangeably
     for accessing array elements (e.g. <literal>$array[42]</literal> and <literal>$array{42}</literal> will
     both do the same thing in the example above).
    </para>
   </note>

   <para>
    As of PHP 5.4 it is possible to array dereference the result of a function
    or method call directly. Before it was only possible using a temporary
    variable.
   </para>
   
   <para>
    As of PHP 5.5 it is possible to array dereference an array literal.
   </para>
   
   <example>
    <title>Array dereferencing</title>
    <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
function getArray() {
    return array(1, 2, 3);
}

// on PHP 5.4
$secondElement = getArray()[1];

// previously
$tmp = getArray();
$secondElement = $tmp[1];

// or
list(, $secondElement) = getArray();
?>
]]>
    </programlisting>
   </example>
   
   <note>
    <para>
      Attempting to access an array key which has not been defined is
      the same as accessing any other undefined variable:
      an <constant>E_NOTICE</constant>-level error message will be
      issued, and the result will be &null;.
    </para>
   </note>
  </sect3>
  
  <sect3 xml:id="language.types.array.syntax.modifying">
   <title>Creating/modifying with square bracket syntax</title>

   <para>
    An existing <type>array</type> can be modified by explicitly setting values
    in it.
   </para>

   <para>
    This is done by assigning values to the <type>array</type>, specifying the
    key in brackets. The key can also be omitted, resulting in an empty pair of
    brackets (<literal>[]</literal>).
   </para>
   
   <synopsis>
$arr[<replaceable>key</replaceable>] = <replaceable>value</replaceable>;
$arr[] = <replaceable>value</replaceable>;
// <replaceable>key</replaceable> may be an <type>integer</type> or <type>string</type>
// <replaceable>value</replaceable> may be any value of any type</synopsis>
   
   <para>
    If <varname>$arr</varname> doesn't exist yet, it will be created, so this is
    also an alternative way to create an <type>array</type>. This practice is
    however discouraged because if <varname>$arr</varname> already contains
    some value (e.g. <type>string</type> from request variable) then this
    value will stay in the place and <literal>[]</literal> may actually stand
    for <link linkend="language.types.string.substr">string access
    operator</link>. It is always better to initialize variable by a direct
    assignment.
   </para>

   <para>
    To change a certain
    value, assign a new value to that element using its key. To remove a
    key/value pair, call the <function>unset</function> function on it.
   </para>

   <informalexample>
    <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
$arr = array(5 => 1, 12 => 2);

$arr[] = 56;    // This is the same as $arr[13] = 56;
                // at this point of the script

$arr["x"] = 42; // This adds a new element to
                // the array with key "x"
                
unset($arr[5]); // This removes the element from the array

unset($arr);    // This deletes the whole array
?>
]]> 
    </programlisting>
   </informalexample>

   <note>
    <para>
     As mentioned above, if no key is specified, the maximum of the existing
     <type>integer</type> indices is taken, and the new key will be that maximum
     value plus 1 (but at least 0). If no <type>integer</type> indices exist yet, the key will
     be <literal>0</literal> (zero). 
    </para>

    <para>
     Note that the maximum integer key used for this <emphasis>need not
     currently exist in the <type>array</type></emphasis>. It need only have
     existed in the <type>array</type> at some time since the last time the
     <type>array</type> was re-indexed. The following example illustrates:
    </para>

    <informalexample>
     <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
// Create a simple array.
$array = array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
print_r($array);

// Now delete every item, but leave the array itself intact:
foreach ($array as $i => $value) {
    unset($array[$i]);
}
print_r($array);

// Append an item (note that the new key is 5, instead of 0).
$array[] = 6;
print_r($array);

// Re-index:
$array = array_values($array);
$array[] = 7;
print_r($array);
?>
]]> 
     </programlisting>
     &example.outputs;
     <screen>
<![CDATA[
Array
(
    [0] => 1
    [1] => 2
    [2] => 3
    [3] => 4
    [4] => 5
)
Array
(
)
Array
(
    [5] => 6
)
Array
(
    [0] => 6
    [1] => 7
)
]]>
     </screen>
    </informalexample>       

   </note>

  </sect3>
 </sect2><!-- end syntax -->
 
 <sect2 xml:id="language.types.array.useful-funcs">
  <title>Useful functions</title>

  <para>
   There are quite a few useful functions for working with arrays. See the
   <link linkend="ref.array">array functions</link> section.
  </para>

  <note>
   <para>
    The <function>unset</function> function allows removing keys from an
    <type>array</type>. Be aware that the array will <emphasis>not</emphasis> be
    reindexed. If a true "remove and shift" behavior is desired, the
    <type>array</type> can be reindexed using the
    <function>array_values</function> function.
   </para>
   
   <informalexample>
    <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
$a = array(1 => 'one', 2 => 'two', 3 => 'three');
unset($a[2]);
/* will produce an array that would have been defined as
   $a = array(1 => 'one', 3 => 'three');
   and NOT
   $a = array(1 => 'one', 2 =>'three');
*/

$b = array_values($a);
// Now $b is array(0 => 'one', 1 =>'three')
?>
]]>
    </programlisting>
   </informalexample>
  </note> 

  <para>
   The &foreach; control
   structure exists specifically for <type>array</type>s. It provides an easy
   way to traverse an <type>array</type>.
  </para>
 </sect2>
 
 <sect2 xml:id="language.types.array.donts">
  <title>Array do's and don'ts</title>

  <sect3 xml:id="language.types.array.foo-bar">
   <title>Why is <literal>$foo[bar]</literal> wrong?</title>

   <para>
    Always use quotes around a string literal array index. For example,
    <literal>$foo['bar']</literal> is correct, while
    <literal>$foo[bar]</literal> is not. But why? It is common to encounter this
    kind of syntax in old scripts:
   </para>

   <informalexample>
    <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
$foo[bar] = 'enemy';
echo $foo[bar];
// etc
?>
]]>
    </programlisting>
   </informalexample>
   
   <para>
    This is wrong, but it works. The reason is that this code has an undefined
    constant (bar) rather than a <type>string</type> ('bar' - notice the
    quotes). PHP may in the future define constants which, unfortunately for such
    code, have the same name. It works because PHP automatically converts a
    <emphasis>bare string</emphasis> (an unquoted <type>string</type> which does
    not correspond to any known symbol) into a <type>string</type> which
    contains the bare <type>string</type>. For instance, if there is no defined 
    constant named <constant>bar</constant>, then PHP will substitute in the
    <type>string</type> <literal>'bar'</literal> and use that.
   </para>

   <note>
    <simpara>
     This does not mean to <emphasis>always</emphasis> quote the key. Do not
     quote keys which are <link linkend="language.constants">constants</link> or
     <link linkend="language.variables">variables</link>, as this will prevent
     PHP from interpreting them.
    </simpara>

    <informalexample>
     <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
error_reporting(E_ALL);
ini_set('display_errors', true);
ini_set('html_errors', false);
// Simple array:
$array = array(1, 2);
$count = count($array);
for ($i = 0; $i < $count; $i++) {
    echo "\nChecking $i: \n";
    echo "Bad: " . $array['$i'] . "\n";
    echo "Good: " . $array[$i] . "\n";
    echo "Bad: {$array['$i']}\n";
    echo "Good: {$array[$i]}\n";
}
?>
]]>
     </programlisting>
    </informalexample>
    &example.outputs;
    <screen>
<![CDATA[
Checking 0: 
Notice: Undefined index:  $i in /path/to/script.html on line 9
Bad: 
Good: 1
Notice: Undefined index:  $i in /path/to/script.html on line 11
Bad: 
Good: 1

Checking 1: 
Notice: Undefined index:  $i in /path/to/script.html on line 9
Bad: 
Good: 2
Notice: Undefined index:  $i in /path/to/script.html on line 11
Bad: 
Good: 2
]]>        
    </screen>
   </note>

   <para>
    More examples to demonstrate this behaviour:
   </para>

   <informalexample>
    <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
// Show all errors
error_reporting(E_ALL);

$arr = array('fruit' => 'apple', 'veggie' => 'carrot');

// Correct
print $arr['fruit'];  // apple
print $arr['veggie']; // carrot

// Incorrect.  This works but also throws a PHP error of level E_NOTICE because
// of an undefined constant named fruit
// 
// Notice: Use of undefined constant fruit - assumed 'fruit' in...
print $arr[fruit];    // apple

// This defines a constant to demonstrate what's going on.  The value 'veggie'
// is assigned to a constant named fruit.
define('fruit', 'veggie');

// Notice the difference now
print $arr['fruit'];  // apple
print $arr[fruit];    // carrot

// The following is okay, as it's inside a string. Constants are not looked for
// within strings, so no E_NOTICE occurs here
print "Hello $arr[fruit]";      // Hello apple

// With one exception: braces surrounding arrays within strings allows constants
// to be interpreted
print "Hello {$arr[fruit]}";    // Hello carrot
print "Hello {$arr['fruit']}";  // Hello apple

// This will not work, and will result in a parse error, such as:
// Parse error: parse error, expecting T_STRING' or T_VARIABLE' or T_NUM_STRING'
// This of course applies to using superglobals in strings as well
print "Hello $arr['fruit']";
print "Hello $_GET['foo']";

// Concatenation is another option
print "Hello " . $arr['fruit']; // Hello apple
?>
]]>
    </programlisting>
   </informalexample>

   <para>
    When <link linkend="ini.error-reporting">error_reporting</link> is set to
    show <constant>E_NOTICE</constant> level errors (by setting it to
    <constant>E_ALL</constant>, for example), such uses will become immediately
    visible. By default,
    <link linkend="ini.error-reporting">error_reporting</link> is set not to
    show notices.
   </para>

   <para>
    As stated in the <link linkend="language.types.array.syntax">syntax</link>
    section, what's inside the square brackets ('<literal>[</literal>' and
    '<literal>]</literal>') must be an expression. This means that code like
    this works:
   </para>

   <informalexample>
    <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
echo $arr[somefunc($bar)];
?>
]]>
    </programlisting>
   </informalexample>
   
   <para>
    This is an example of using a function return value as the array index. PHP
    also knows about constants:
   </para>

   <informalexample>
    <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
$error_descriptions[E_ERROR]   = "A fatal error has occurred";
$error_descriptions[E_WARNING] = "PHP issued a warning";
$error_descriptions[E_NOTICE]  = "This is just an informal notice";
?>
]]>
    </programlisting>
   </informalexample>
   
   <para>
    Note that <constant>E_ERROR</constant> is also a valid identifier, just like
    <literal>bar</literal> in the first example. But the last example is in fact
    the same as writing:
   </para>
  
   <informalexample>
    <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
$error_descriptions[1] = "A fatal error has occurred";
$error_descriptions[2] = "PHP issued a warning";
$error_descriptions[8] = "This is just an informal notice";
?>
]]>
    </programlisting>
   </informalexample>
   
   <para>
    because <constant>E_ERROR</constant> equals <literal>1</literal>, etc.
   </para>

   <sect4 xml:id="language.types.array.foo-bar.why">
    <title>So why is it bad then?</title>

    <para>
     At some point in the future, the PHP team might want to add another
     constant or keyword, or a constant in other code may interfere. For
     example, it is already wrong to use the words <literal>empty</literal> and
     <literal>default</literal> this way, since they are
     <link linkend="reserved">reserved keywords</link>.
    </para>

    <note>
     <simpara>
      To reiterate, inside a double-quoted <type>string</type>, it's valid to
      not surround array indexes with quotes so <literal>"$foo[bar]"</literal>
      is valid. See the above examples for details on why as well as the section
      on <link linkend="language.types.string.parsing">variable parsing in
      strings</link>.
     </simpara>
    </note>

   </sect4>
  </sect3>
 </sect2>

 <sect2 xml:id="language.types.array.casting">
  <title>Converting to array</title>
  
  <para>
   For any of the types: <type>integer</type>, <type>float</type>,
   <type>string</type>, <type>boolean</type> and <type>resource</type>,
   converting a value to an <type>array</type> results in an array with a single
   element with index zero and the value of the scalar which was converted. In
   other words, <literal>(array)$scalarValue</literal> is exactly the same as
   <literal>array($scalarValue)</literal>.
  </para>
  
  <para>
   If an <type>object</type> is converted to an <type>array</type>, the result
   is an <type>array</type> whose elements are the <type>object</type>'s
   properties. The keys are the member variable names, with a few notable
   exceptions: integer properties are unaccessible;
   private variables have the class name prepended to the variable
   name; protected variables have a '*' prepended to the variable name. These
   prepended values have null bytes on either side. This can result in some
   unexpected behaviour:
  </para>

  <informalexample>
   <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php

class A {
    private $A; // This will become '\0A\0A'
}

class B extends A {
    private $A; // This will become '\0B\0A'
    public $AA; // This will become 'AA'
}

var_dump((array) new B());
?>
]]>
   </programlisting>
  </informalexample>

  <para>
   The above will appear to have two keys named 'AA', although one of them is
   actually named '\0A\0A'.
  </para>
  
  <para>
   Converting &null; to an <type>array</type> results in an empty
   <type>array</type>.
  </para>
 </sect2>

 <sect2 xml:id="language.types.array.comparing">
  <title>Comparing</title>

  <para>
   It is possible to compare arrays with the <function>array_diff</function>
   function and with
   <link linkend="language.operators.array">array operators</link>.
  </para>
 </sect2>

 <sect2 xml:id="language.types.array.examples">
  <title>Examples</title>

  <para>
   The array type in PHP is very versatile. Here are some examples:
  </para>

  <informalexample>
   <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
// This:
$a = array( 'color' => 'red',
            'taste' => 'sweet',
            'shape' => 'round',
            'name'  => 'apple',
            4        // key will be 0
          );

$b = array('a', 'b', 'c');

// . . .is completely equivalent with this:
$a = array();
$a['color'] = 'red';
$a['taste'] = 'sweet';
$a['shape'] = 'round';
$a['name']  = 'apple';
$a[]        = 4;        // key will be 0

$b = array();
$b[] = 'a';
$b[] = 'b';
$b[] = 'c';

// After the above code is executed, $a will be the array
// array('color' => 'red', 'taste' => 'sweet', 'shape' => 'round', 
// 'name' => 'apple', 0 => 4), and $b will be the array 
// array(0 => 'a', 1 => 'b', 2 => 'c'), or simply array('a', 'b', 'c').
?>
]]>
   </programlisting>
  </informalexample>

  <example>
   <title>Using array()</title>
   <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
// Array as (property-)map
$map = array( 'version'    => 4,
              'OS'         => 'Linux',
              'lang'       => 'english',
              'short_tags' => true
            );
            
// strictly numerical keys
$array = array( 7,
                8,
                0,
                156,
                -10
              );
// this is the same as array(0 => 7, 1 => 8, ...)

$switching = array(         10, // key = 0
                    5    =>  6,
                    3    =>  7, 
                    'a'  =>  4,
                            11, // key = 6 (maximum of integer-indices was 5)
                    '8'  =>  2, // key = 8 (integer!)
                    '02' => 77, // key = '02'
                    0    => 12  // the value 10 will be overwritten by 12
                  );
                  
// empty array
$empty = array();         
?>
]]>
<!-- TODO example of
- overwriting keys
- using vars/functions as key/values
- warning about references
-->
   </programlisting>
  </example>

  <example xml:id="language.types.array.examples.loop">
   <title>Collection</title>
   <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
$colors = array('red', 'blue', 'green', 'yellow');

foreach ($colors as $color) {
    echo "Do you like $color?\n";
}

?>
]]>
   </programlisting>
   &example.outputs;
   <screen>
<![CDATA[
Do you like red?
Do you like blue?
Do you like green?
Do you like yellow?
]]>
   </screen>
  </example>
  
  <para>
   Changing the values of the <type>array</type> directly is possible since PHP
   5 by passing them by reference. Before that, a workaround is necessary:
  </para>

  <example xml:id="language.types.array.examples.changeloop">
   <title>Changing element in the loop</title>
   <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
// PHP 5
foreach ($colors as &$color) {
    $color = strtoupper($color);
}
unset($color); /* ensure that following writes to
$color will not modify the last array element */

// Workaround for older versions
foreach ($colors as $key => $color) {
    $colors[$key] = strtoupper($color);
}

print_r($colors);
?>
]]>
   </programlisting>
   &example.outputs;
   <screen>
<![CDATA[
Array
(
    [0] => RED
    [1] => BLUE
    [2] => GREEN
    [3] => YELLOW
)
]]>
   </screen>
  </example>

  <para>
   This example creates a one-based array.
  </para>

  <example>
   <title>One-based index</title>
   <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
$firstquarter  = array(1 => 'January', 'February', 'March');
print_r($firstquarter);
?>
]]>
   </programlisting>
   &example.outputs;
   <screen>
<![CDATA[
Array 
(
    [1] => 'January'
    [2] => 'February'
    [3] => 'March'
)
]]>   
   </screen>
  </example>

  <example>
   <title>Filling an array</title>
   <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
// fill an array with all items from a directory
$handle = opendir('.');
while (false !== ($file = readdir($handle))) {
    $files[] = $file;
}
closedir($handle); 
?>
]]>
   </programlisting>
  </example>

  <para>
   <type>Array</type>s are ordered. The order can be changed using various
   sorting functions. See the <link linkend="ref.array">array functions</link>
   section for more information. The <function>count</function> function can be
   used to count the number of items in an <type>array</type>.
  </para>

  <example>
   <title>Sorting an array</title>
   <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
sort($files);
print_r($files);
?>
]]>
   </programlisting>
  </example>

  <para>
   Because the value of an <type>array</type> can be anything, it can also be
   another <type>array</type>. This enables the creation of recursive and
   multi-dimensional <type>array</type>s.
  </para>

  <example>
   <title>Recursive and multi-dimensional arrays</title>
   <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
$fruits = array ( "fruits"  => array ( "a" => "orange",
                                       "b" => "banana",
                                       "c" => "apple"
                                     ),
                  "numbers" => array ( 1,
                                       2,
                                       3,
                                       4,
                                       5,
                                       6
                                     ),
                  "holes"   => array (      "first",
                                       5 => "second",
                                            "third"
                                     )
                );

// Some examples to address values in the array above 
echo $fruits["holes"][5];    // prints "second"
echo $fruits["fruits"]["a"]; // prints "orange"
unset($fruits["holes"][0]);  // remove "first"

// Create a new multi-dimensional array
$juices["apple"]["green"] = "good"; 
?>
]]>
   </programlisting>
  </example>

  <para>
   <type>Array</type> assignment always involves value copying. Use the
   <link linkend="language.operators">reference operator</link> to copy an
   <type>array</type> by reference.
  </para>

  <informalexample>
   <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
$arr1 = array(2, 3);
$arr2 = $arr1;
$arr2[] = 4; // $arr2 is changed,
             // $arr1 is still array(2, 3)
             
$arr3 = &$arr1;
$arr3[] = 4; // now $arr1 and $arr3 are the same
?>
]]>
   </programlisting>
  </informalexample>

 </sect2>
</sect1>

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