Strings These functions all manipulate strings in various ways. Some more specialized sections can be found in the regular expression and URL handling sections. AddCSlashes Quote string with slashes in a C style. string addcslashes string str string charlist Returns a string with backslashes before characters that are listed in charlist parameter. It escapes \n, \r etc. in C-like style, characters with ASCII code lower than 32 and higher than 126 are converted to octal representation. Be carefull when escaping alphanumeric characters. You can specify a range in charlist like "\0..\37", which would escape all characters with ASCII code between 0 and 31. $escaped = addcslashes ($not_escaped, "\0..\37!@\177..\377"); Added in PHP4b3-dev. See also stripcslashes, stripslashes, htmlspecialchars, htmlspecialchars, and quotemeta. AddSlashes Quote string with slashes string addslashes string str Returns a string with backslashes before characters that need to be quoted in database queries etc. These characters are single quote ('), double quote ("), backslash (\) and NUL (the null byte). See also stripslashes, htmlspecialchars, and quotemeta. bin2hex Convert binary data into hexadecimal representation string bin2hex string str Returns an ASCII string containing the hexadecimal representation of str. The conversion is done byte-wise with the high-nibble first. Chop Remove trailing whitespace. string chop string str Returns the argument string without trailing whitespace, including newlines. $trimmed = chop ($line); See also trim. Chr Return a specific character. string chr int ascii Returns a one-character string containing the character specified by ascii. $str .= chr (27); /* add an escape character at the end of $str */ /* Often this is more useful */ $str = sprintf ("The string ends in escape: %c", 27); This function complements ord. See also sprintf with a format string of %c. chunk_split Split a string into smaller chunks. string chunk_split string string int chunklen string end Can be used to split a string into smaller chunks which is useful for e.g. converting base64_encode output to match RFC 2045 semantics. It inserts every chunklen (defaults to 76) chars the string end (defaults to "\r\n"). It returns the new string leaving the original string untouched. # format $data using RFC 2045 semantics $new_string = chunk_split (base64_encode($data)); This function is significantly faster than ereg_replace. This function was added in 3.0.6. convert_cyr_string Convert from one Cyrillic character set to another. string convert_cyr_string string str string from string to This function converts the given string from one Cyrillic character set to another. The from and to arguments are single characters that represent the source and target Cyrillic character sets. The supported types are: k - koi8-r w - windows-1251 i - iso8859-5 a - x-cp866 d - x-cp866 m - x-mac-cyrillic count_chars Return information abouts characters used in a string. mixed count_chars string string mode Counts the number of occurances of every byte-value (0..255) in string and returns it in various ways. The optional parameter Mode default to 0. Depending on mode count_chars returns one of the following: 0 - an array with the byte-value as key and the freqency of every byte as value. 1 - same as 0 but only byte-values with a frequency greater than zero are listed. 2 - same as 0 but only byte-values with a frequency equal to zero are listed. 3 - a string containing all used byte-values is returned. 4 - a string containing all not used byte-values is returned. This function was added in PHP 4.0. crypt DES-encrypt a string. string crypt string str string salt crypt will encrypt a string using the standard Unix DES encryption method. Arguments are a string to be encrypted and an optional two-character salt string to base the encryption on. See the Unix man page for your crypt function for more information. If the salt argument is not provided, it will be randomly generated by PHP. Some operating systems support more than one type of encryption. In fact, sometimes the standard DES encryption is replaced by an MD5 based encryption algorithm. The encryption type is triggered by the salt argument. At install time, PHP determines the capabilities of the crypt function and will accept salts for other encryption types. If no salt is provided, PHP will auto-generate a standard 2-character DES salt by default unless the default encryption type on the system is MD5 in which case a random MD5-compatible salt is generated. PHP sets a constant named CRYPT_SALT_LENGTH which tells you whether a regular 2-character salt applies to your system or the longer 12-char MD5 salt is applicable. The standard DES encryption crypt contains the salt as the first two characters of the output. On systems where the crypt() function supports multiple encryption types, the following constants are set to 0 or 1 depending on whether the given type is available: CRYPT_STD_DES - Standard DES encryption with a 2-char SALT CRYPT_EXT_DES - Extended DES encryption with a 9-char SALT CRYPT_MD5 - MD5 encryption with a 12-char SALT starting with $1$ CRYPT_BLOWFISH - Extended DES encryption with a 16-char SALT starting with $2$ There is no decrypt function, since crypt uses a one-way algorithm. echo Output one or more strings. echo string arg1 string argn... Outputs all parameters. Echo is not actually a function (it is a language construct) so you are not required to use parantheses with it. echo "Hello World"; echo "This spans multiple lines. The newlines will be output as well"; echo "This spans\nmultiple lines. The newlines will be\noutput as well."; In fact, if you want to pass more than one parameter to echo, you must not enclose the parameters within parentheses. See also: print, printf, and flush. explode Split a string by string array explode string separator string string int limit Returns an array of strings, each of which is a substring of string formed by splitting it on boundaries formed by the string delim. If limit is set, the returned array will contaion a maximum of limit elements with the last element containing the whole rest of string. $pizza = "piece1 piece2 piece3 piece4 piece5 piece6"; $pieces = explode (" ", $pizza); See also split and implode. flush Flush the output buffer. void flush Flushes the output buffers of PHP and whatever backend PHP is using (CGI, a web server, etc.) This effectively tries to push all the output so far to the user's browser. get_html_translation_table Returns the translation table used by htmlspecialchars and htmlentities. string get_html_translation_table int table get_html_translation_table will return the translation table that is used internally for htmlspecialchars and htmlentities. Ther are two new defines (HTML_ENTITIES, HTML_SPECIALCHARS) that allow you to specify the table you want. $trans = get_html_translation_table (HTML_ENTITIES); $str = "Hallo & <Frau> & Krämer"; $encoded = strtr ($str, $trans); The $encoded variable will now contain: "Hallo &amp; &lt;Frau&gt; &amp; Kr&auml;mer". The cool thing is using array_flip to change the direction of the translation. $trans = array_flip ($trans); $original = strtr ($str, $trans); The content of $original would be: "Hallo & <Frau> & Krämer". This function was added in PHP 4.0. See also: htmlspecialchars, htmlentities, strtr, and array_flip. get_meta_tags Extracts all meta tag content attributes from a file and returns an array. array get_meta_tags string filename int use_include_path Opens filename and parses it line by line for <meta> tags of the form <meta name="author" content="name"> <meta name="tags" content="php3 documentation"> </head> <!-- parsing stops here --> (pay attention to line endings - PHP uses a native function to parse the input, so a Mac file won't work on Unix). The value of the name property becomes the key, the value of the content property becomes the value of the returned array, so you can easily use standard array functions to traverse it or access single values. Special characters in the value of the name property are substituted with '_', the rest is converted to lower case. Setting use_include_path to 1 will result in PHP trying to open the file along the standard include path. htmlentities Convert all applicable characters to HTML entities. string htmlentities string string This function is identical to Htmlspecialchars in all ways, except that all characters which have HTML entity equivalents are translated into these entities. At present, the ISO-8859-1 character set is used. See also htmlspecialchars and nl2br. htmlspecialchars Convert special characters to HTML entities. string htmlspecialchars string string Certain characters have special significance in HTML, and should be represented by HTML entities if they are to preserve their meanings. This function returns a string with these conversions made. This function is useful in preventing user-supplied text from containing HTML markup, such as in a message board or guest book application. At present, the translations that are done are: '&' (ampersand) becomes '&amp;' '"' (double quote) becomes '&quot;' '<' (less than) becomes '&lt;' '>' (greater than) becomes '&gt;' Note that this functions does not translate anything beyond what is listed above. For full entity translation, see htmlentities. See also htmlentities and nl2br. implode Join array elements with a string string implode string glue array pieces Returns a string containing a string representation of all the array elements in the same order, with the glue string between each element. $colon_separated = implode (":", $array); See also explode, join, and split. join Join array elements with a string. string join string glue array pieces join is an alias to implode, and is identical in every way. See also explode, implode, and split. levenshtein Calculate Levenshtein distance between two strings int levenshtein string str1 string str2 This function return the Levenshtein-Distance between the two argument strings or -1, if one of the argument strings is longer than the limit of 255 characters. The Levenshtein distance is defined as the minimal number of characters you have to replace, insert or delete to transform str1 into str2. The complexity of the algorithm is O(m*n), where n and m are the length of str1 and str2 (rather good when compared to similar_text, which is O(max(n,m)**3), but still expensive). See also soundex, similar_text and metaphone. ltrim Strip whitespace from the beginning of a string. string ltrim string str This function strips whitespace from the start of a string and returns the stripped string. The whitespace characters it currently strips are: "\n", "\r", "\t", "\v", "\0", and a plain space. See also chop and trim. md5 Calculate the md5 hash of a string. string md5 string str Calculates the MD5 hash of str using the RSA Data Security, Inc. MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm. Metaphone Calculate the metaphone key of a string. string metaphone string str Calculates the metaphone key of str. Similar to soundex metaphone creates the same key for similar sounding words. It's more accurate than soundex as it knows the basic rules of English pronunciation. The metaphone generated keys are of variable length. Metaphone was developed by Lawrence Philips <lphilips@verity.com>. It is described in ["Practical Algorithms for Programmers", Binstock & Rex, Addison Wesley, 1995]. This function was added in PHP 4.0. nl2br Converts newlines to HTML line breaks. string nl2br string string Returns string with '<BR>' inserted before all newlines. See also htmlspecialchars and htmlentities. Ord Return ASCII value of character. int ord string string Returns the ASCII value of the first character of string. This function complements chr. if (ord ($str) == 10) { echo "The first character of \$str is a line feed.\n"; } See also chr. parse_str Parses the string into variables. void parse_str string str Parses str as if it were the query string passed via an URL and sets variables in the current scope. $str = "first=value&second[]=this+works&second[]=another"; parse_str($str); echo $first; /* prints "value" */ echo $second[0]; /* prints "this works" */ echo $second[1]; /* prints "another" */ print Output a string print string arg Outputs arg. See also: echo, printf, and flush. printf Output a formatted string. int printf string format mixed args... Produces output according to format, which is described in the documentation for sprintf. See also: print, sprintf, and flush. quoted_printable_decode Convert a quoted-printable string to an 8 bit string. string quoted_printable_decode string str This function returns an 8-bit binary string corresponding to the decoded quoted printable string. This function is similar to imap_qprint, except this one does not require the IMAP module to work. QuoteMeta quote meta characters string quotemeta string str Returns a version of str with a backslash character (\) before every character that is among these: . \\ + * ? [ ^ ] ( $ ) See also addslashes, htmlentities, htmlspecialchars, nl2br, and stripslashes. rawurldecode Decode URL-encoded strings string rawurldecode string str Returns a string in which the sequences with percent (%) signs followed by two hex digits have been replaced with literal characters. For example, the string foo%20bar%40baz decodes into foo bar@baz. See also rawurlencode. rawurlencode URL-encode according to RFC1738. string rawurlencode string str Returns a string in which all non-alphanumeric characters except -_. have been replaced with a percent (%) sign followed by two hex digits. This is the encoding described in RFC1738 for protecting literal characters from being interpreted as special URL delimiters, and for protecting URL's from being mangled by transmission media with character conversions (like some email systems). For example, if you want to include a password in an ftp url: echo '<A HREF="ftp://user:', rawurlencode ('foo @+%/'), '@ftp.my.com/x.txt">'; Or, if you pass information in a path info component of the url: echo '<A HREF="http://x.com/department_list_script/', rawurlencode ('sales and marketing/Miami'), '">'; See also rawurldecode. setlocale Set locale information. string setlocale string category string locale Category is a string specifying the category of the functions affected by the locale setting: LC_ALL for all of the below LC_COLLATE for string comparison - not currently implemented in PHP LC_CTYPE for character classification and conversion, for example strtoupper LC_MONETARY for localeconv() - not currently implemented in PHP LC_NUMERIC for decimal separator LC_TIME for date and time formatting with strftime If locale is the empty string "", the locale names will be set from the values of environment variables with the same names as the above categories, or from "LANG". If locale is zero or "0", the locale setting is not affected, only the current setting is returned. Setlocale returns the new current locale, or false if the locale functionality is not implemented in the plattform, the specified locale does not exist or the category name is invalid. An invalid category name also causes a warning message. similar_text Calculate the similarity between two strings. int similar_text string first string second double percent This calculates the similarity between two strings as described in Oliver [1993]. Note that this implementation does not use a stack as in Oliver's pseudo code, but recursive calls which may or may not speed up the whole process. Note also that the complexity of this algorithm is O(N**3) where N is the length of the longest string. By passing a reference as third argument, similar_text will calculate the similarity in percent for you. It returns the number of matching chars in both strings. soundex Calculate the soundex key of a string string soundex string str Calculates the soundex key of str. Soundex keys have the property that words pronounced similarly produce the same soundex key, and can thus be used to simplify searches in databases where you know the pronunciation but not the spelling. This soundex function returns a string 4 characters long, starting with a letter. This particular soundex function is one described by Donald Knuth in "The Art Of Computer Programming, vol. 3: Sorting And Searching", Addison-Wesley (1973), pp. 391-392. soundex ("Euler") == soundex ("Ellery") == 'E460'; soundex ("Gauss") == soundex ("Ghosh") == 'G200'; soundex ("Knuth") == soundex ("Kant") == 'H416'; soundex ("Lloyd") == soundex ("Ladd") == 'L300'; soundex ("Lukasiewicz") == soundex ("Lissajous") == 'L222'; sprintf Return a formatted string string sprintf string format mixed args... Returns a string produced according to the formatting string format. The format string is composed by zero or more directives: ordinary characters (excluding %) that are copied directly to the result, and conversion specifications, each of which results in fetching its own parameter. This applies to both sprintf and printf. Each conversion specification consists of these elements, in order: An optional padding specifier that says what character will be used for padding the results to the right string size. This may be a space character or a 0 (zero character). The default is to pad with spaces. An alternate padding character can be specified by prefixing it with a single quote ('). See the examples below. An optional alignment specifier that says if the result should be left-justified or right-justified. The default is right-justified; a - character here will make it left-justified. An optional number, a width specifier that says how many characters (minimum) this conversion should result in. An optional precision specifier that says how many decimal digits should be displayed for floating-point numbers. This option has no effect for other types than double. (Another function useful for formatting numbers is number_format.) A type specifier that says what type the argument data should be treated as. Possible types: % - a literal percent character. No argument is required. b - the argument is treated as an integer, and presented as a binary number. c - the argument is treated as an integer, and presented as the character with that ASCII value. d - the argument is treated as an integer, and presented as a decimal number. f - the argument is treated as a double, and presented as a floating-point number. o - the argument is treated as an integer, and presented as an octal number. s - the argument is treated as and presented as a string. x - the argument is treated as an integer and presented as a hexadecimal number (with lowercase letters). X - the argument is treated as an integer and presented as a hexadecimal number (with uppercase letters). See also: printf and number_format. $isodate = sprintf ("%04d-%02d-%02d", $year, $month, $day); $money1 = 68.75; $money2 = 54.35; $money = $money1 + $money2; // echo $money will output "123.1"; $formatted = sprintf ("%01.2f", $money); // echo $formatted will output "123.10" strcasecmp Binary safe case-insensitive string comparison. int strcasecmp string str1 string str2 Returns < 0 if str1 is less than str2; > 0 if str1 is greater than str2, and 0 if they are equal. $var1 = "Hello"; $var2 = "hello"; if ( !strcasecmp($var1,$var2) ) { echo '$var1 is equal to $var2 in a case-insensitive string comparison'; } See also ereg, strcmp, substr, stristr, and strstr. strchr Find the first occurrence of a character. string strchr string haystack string needle This function is an alias for strstr, and is identical in every way. strcmp Binary safe string comparison int strcmp string str1 string str2 Returns < 0 if str1 is less than str2; > 0 if str1 is greater than str2, and 0 if they are equal. Note that this comparison is case sensitive. See also ereg, strcasecmp, substr, stristr, and strstr. strcspn Find length of initial segment not matching mask. int strcspn string str1 string str2 Returns the length of the initial segment of str1 which does not contain any of the characters in str2. See also strspn. strip_tags Strip HTML and PHP tags from a string string strip_tags string str string allowable_tags This function tries to strip all HTML and PHP tags from the given string. It errors on the side of caution in case of incomplete or bogus tags. It uses the same tag stripping state machine as the fgetss function. You can use the optional second parameter to specify tags which should not be stripped. Allowable_tags was added in PHP 3.0.13, PHP4B3. StripCSlashes un-quote string quoted with addcslashes string stripcslashes string str Returns a string with backslashes stripped off. Recognizes C-like \n, \r ..., octal and hexadecimal representation. Added in PHP4b3-dev. See also addcslashes. StripSlashes Un-quote string quoted with addslashes string stripslashes string str Returns a string with backslashes stripped off. (\' becomes ' and so on.) Double backslashes are made into a single backslash. See also addslashes. stristr Case-insensitive strstr. string stristr string haystack string needle Returns all of haystack from the first occurrence of needle to the end. needle and haystack are examined in a case-insensitive manner. If needle is not found, returns false. If needle is not a string, it is converted to an integer and applied as the ordinal value of a character. See also strchr, strrchr, substr, and ereg. strlen Get string length. int strlen string str Returns the length of string. strpos Find position of first occurrence of a string. int strpos string haystack string needle int offset Returns the numeric position of the first occurrence of needle in the haystack string. Unlike the strrpos, this function can take a full string as the needle parameter and the entire string will be used. If needle is not found, returns false. It is easy to mistake the return values for "character found at position 0" and "character not found". Here's how to detect the difference: // in PHP 4.0b3 and newer: $pos = strpos ($mystring, "b"); if ($pos === false) { // note: three equal signs // not found... } // in versions older than 4.0b3: $pos = strpos ($mystring, "b"); if (is_string ($pos) && !$pos) { // not found... } If needle is not a string, it is converted to an integer and applied as the ordinal value of a character. The optional offset parameter allows you to specify which character in haystack to start searching. The position returned is still relative to the the beginning of haystack. See also strrpos, strrchr, substr, stristr, and strstr. strrchr Find the last occurrence of a character in a string. string strrchr string haystack string needle This function returns the portion of haystack which starts at the last occurrence of needle and goes until the end of haystack. Returns false if needle is not found. If needle contains more than one character, the first is used. If needle is not a string, it is converted to an integer and applied as the ordinal value of a character. // get last directory in $PATH $dir = substr (strrchr ($PATH, ":"), 1); // get everything after last newline $text = "Line 1\nLine 2\nLine 3"; $last = substr (strrchr ($text, 10), 1 ); See also substr, stristr, and strstr. str_repeat Repeat a string. string str_repeat string input int multiplier Returns input_str repeated multiplier times. multiplier has to be greater than 0. echo str_repeat ("-=", 10); This will output "-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=". This function was added in PHP 4.0. strrev Reverse a string. string strrev string string Returns string, reversed. strrpos Find position of last occurrence of a char in a string. int strrpos string haystack char needle Returns the numeric position of the last occurrence of needle in the haystack string. Note that the needle in this case can only be a single character. If a string is passed as the needle, then only the first character of that string will be used. If needle is not found, returns false. If needle is not a string, it is converted to an integer and applied as the ordinal value of a character. See also strpos, strrchr, substr, stristr, and strstr. strspn Find length of initial segment matching mask. int strspn string str1 string str2 Returns the length of the initial segment of str1 which consists entirely of characters in str2. See also strcspn. strstr Find first occurrence of a string. string strstr string haystack string needle Returns all of haystack from the first occurrence of needle to the end. If needle is not found, returns false. If needle is not a string, it is converted to an integer and applied as the ordinal value of a character. $email = 'sterling@designmultimedia.com'; $domain = strstr ($email, '@'); print $domain; // prints designmultimedia.com See also stristr, strrchr, substr, and ereg. strtok Tokenize string string strtok string arg1 string arg2 strtok is used to tokenize a string. That is, if you have a string like "This is an example string" you could tokenize this string into its individual words by using the space character as the token. $string = "This is an example string"; $tok = strtok ($string," "); while ($tok) { echo "Word=$tok<br>"; $tok = strtok (" "); } Note that only the first call to strtok uses the string argument. Every subsequent call to strtok only needs the token to use, as it keeps track of where it is in the current string. To start over, or to tokenize a new string you simply call strtok with the string argument again to initialize it. Note that you may put multiple tokens in the token parameter. The string will be tokenized when any one of the characters in the argument are found. Also be careful that your tokens may be equal to "0". This evaluates to false in conditional expressions. See also split and explode. strtolower Make a string lowercase. string strtolower string str Returns string with all alphabetic characters converted to lowercase. Note that 'alphabetic' is determined by the current locale. This means that in i.e. the default "C" locale, characters such as umlaut-A (Ä) will not be converted. $str = "Mary Had A Little Lamb and She LOVED It So"; $str = strtolower($str); print $str; # Prints mary had a little lamb and she loved it so See also strtoupper and ucfirst. strtoupper Make a string uppercase. string strtoupper string string Returns string with all alphabetic characters converted to uppercase. Note that 'alphabetic' is determined by the current locale. For instance, in the default "C" locale characters such as umlaut-a (ä) will not be converted. $str = "Mary Had A Little Lamb and She LOVED It So"; $str = strtoupper ($str); print $str; # Prints MARY HAD A LITTLE LAMB AND SHE LOVED IT SO See also strtolower and ucfirst. str_replace Replace all occurrences of needle in haystack with str. string str_replace string needle string str string haystack This function replaces all occurences of needle in haystack with the given str. If you don't need fancy replacing rules, you should always use this function instead of ereg_replace. $bodytag = str_replace ("%body%", "black", "<body text=%body%>"); This function is binary safe. Str_replace was added in PHP 3.0.6, but was buggy up until PHP 3.0.8. See also ereg_replace and strtr. strtr Translate certain characters. string strtr string str string from string to This function operates on str, translating all occurrences of each character in from to the corresponding character in to and returning the result. If from and to are different lengths, the extra characters in the longer of the two are ignored. $addr = strtr($addr, "äåö", "aao"); strtr can be called with only two arguments. If called with two arguments it behaves in a new way: from then has to be an array that contains string -> string pairs that will be replaced in the source string. strtr will always look for the longest possible match first and will *NOT* try to replace stuff that it has already worked on. Examples: $trans = array ("hello" => "hi", "hi" => "hello"); echo strtr("hi all, I said hello", $trans) . "\n"; This will show: "hello all, I said hi", This feature (two arguments) was added in PHP 4.0. See also ereg_replace. substr Return part of a string string substr string string int start int length Substr returns the portion of string specified by the start and length parameters. If start is positive, the returned string will start at the start'th character of string. Examples: $rest = substr ("abcdef", 1); // returns "bcdef" $rest = substr ("abcdef", 1, 3); // returns "bcd" If start is negative, the returned string will start at the start'th character from the end of string. Examples: $rest = substr ("abcdef", -1); // returns "f" $rest = substr ("abcdef", -2); // returns "ef" $rest = substr ("abcdef", -3, 1); // returns "d" If length is given and is positive, the string returned will end length characters from start. If this would result in a string with negative length (because the start is past the end of the string), then the returned string will contain the single character at start. If length is given and is negative, the string returned will end length characters from the end of string. If this would result in a string with negative length, then the returned string will contain the single character at start. Examples: $rest = substr ("abcdef", 1, -1); // returns "bcde" See also strrchr and ereg. substr_replace Replace text within a portion of a string. string substr_replace string string string replacement int start int length substr_replace replaces the part of string delimited by the start and (optionally) length parameters with the string given in replacement. The result is returned. If start is positive, the replacing will begin at the start'th offset into string. If start is negative, the replacing will begin at the start'th character from the end of string. If length is given and is positive, it represents the length of the portion of string which is to be replaced. If it is negative, it represents the number of characters from the end of string at which to stop replacing. If it is not given, then it will default to strlen( string ); i.e. end the replacing at the end of string. <?php $var = 'ABCDEFGH:/MNRPQR/'; echo "Original: $var<hr>\n"; /* These two examples replace all of $var with 'bob'. */ echo substr_replace ($var, 'bob', 0) . "<br>\n"; echo substr_replace ($var, 'bob', 0, strlen ($var)) . "<br>\n"; /* Insert 'bob' right at the beginning of $var. */ echo substr_replace ($var, 'bob', 0, 0) . "<br>\n"; /* These next two replace 'MNRPQR' in $var with 'bob'. */ echo substr_replace ($var, 'bob', 10, -1) . "<br>\n"; echo substr_replace ($var, 'bob', -7, -1) . "<br>\n"; /* Delete 'MNRPQR' from $var. */ echo substr_replace ($var, '', 10, -1) . "<br>\n"; ?> See also str_replace and substr. Substr_replace was added in PHP 4.0. trim Strip whitespace from the beginning and end of a string. string trim string str This function strips whitespace from the start and the end of a string and returns the stripped string. The whitespace characters it currently strips are: "\n", "\r", "\t", "\v", "\0", and a plain space. See also chop and ltrim. ucfirst Make a string's first character uppercase. string ucfirst string str Capitalizes the first character of str if that character is alphabetic. Note that 'alphabetic' is determined by the current locale. For instance, in the default "C" locale characters such as umlaut-a (ä) will not be converted. $text = 'mary had a little lamb and she loved it so.'; $text = ucfirst($text); // $text is now Mary had a little lamb and she loved it so. See also strtoupper and strtolower. ucwords Uppercase the first character of each word in a string string ucwords string str Capitalizes the first character of each word in str if that character is alphabetic. $text = "mary had a little lamb and she loved it so."; $text = ucwords($text); // $text is now: Mary Had A Little Lamb And She Loved It So. See also strtoupper, strtolower and ucfirst.