diff --git a/language/predefined/closure/bindto.xml b/language/predefined/closure/bindto.xml
index bc3cfd970b..0773a984d9 100644
--- a/language/predefined/closure/bindto.xml
+++ b/language/predefined/closure/bindto.xml
@@ -115,6 +115,7 @@ $cl = $ob1->getClosure();
 echo $cl(), "\n";
 $cl = $cl->bindTo($ob2);
 echo $cl(), "\n";
+?>
 ]]>
    </programlisting>
    &example.outputs.similar;
diff --git a/reference/eio/functions/eio-custom.xml b/reference/eio/functions/eio-custom.xml
index 66505b3ef5..4b366e9569 100644
--- a/reference/eio/functions/eio-custom.xml
+++ b/reference/eio/functions/eio-custom.xml
@@ -34,12 +34,12 @@
      <para>
       Specifies the request function that should match the following prototype:
 
-      <programlisting role="php"><![CDATA[
+      <programlisting><![CDATA[
       mixed execute(mixed data);
       ]]></programlisting>
       <parameter>callback</parameter> is event completion callback that should match the following
       prototype:
-      <programlisting role="php"><![CDATA[
+      <programlisting><![CDATA[
       void callback(mixed data, mixed result);
       ]]></programlisting>
 
diff --git a/reference/mongo/updates.xml b/reference/mongo/updates.xml
index 439f3f6606..7a0a8eeafe 100644
--- a/reference/mongo/updates.xml
+++ b/reference/mongo/updates.xml
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
    For example, a modifying update could add a new field to a document.
    <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
-
+<?php
 /** suppose documents look like:
  * {"username" : "...", "password" : "...", "email" : "..."}
  */
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ $coll->update(array("username" => "joe"), array('$set' => array("twitter" => "@j
 /** now the document will look like:
  * {"username" : "joe", "password" : "...", "email" : "...", "twitter" : "@joe4153"}
  */
-
+?>
 ]]>
    </programlisting>
   </para>
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ $coll->update(array("username" => "joe"), array('$set' => array("twitter" => "@j
    document.
    <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
-
+<?php
 /** suppose documents look like:
  * {"username" : "...", "password" : "...", "email" : "..."}
  */
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ $coll->update(array("username" => "joe"), array("userId" => 12345, "info" => arr
  *     "likes" : []
  * }
  */
-
+?>
 ]]>
    </programlisting>
   </para>
diff --git a/reference/mongo/writes.xml b/reference/mongo/writes.xml
index 7415ab1c88..9908c0df7d 100644
--- a/reference/mongo/writes.xml
+++ b/reference/mongo/writes.xml
@@ -36,12 +36,12 @@
   </para>
   <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
-
+<?php
 $collection->insert($someDoc);
 $collection->update($criteria, $newObj);
 $collection->insert($somethingElse);
 $collection->remove($something, array("safe" => true));
-
+?>
 ]]>
   </programlisting>
   <para>
@@ -62,9 +62,9 @@ $collection->remove($something, array("safe" => true));
   </para>
   <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
-
+<?php
 $collection->insert($someDoc, array("safe" => 3));
-
+?>
 ]]>
   </programlisting>
   <para>
diff --git a/reference/mysqli/quickstart.xml b/reference/mysqli/quickstart.xml
index 66a5bb2d8e..108b532199 100644
--- a/reference/mysqli/quickstart.xml
+++ b/reference/mysqli/quickstart.xml
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
     <title>Easy migration from the old mysql extension</title>
     <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 $mysqli = mysqli_connect("example.com", "user", "password", "database");
 $res = mysqli_query($mysqli, "SELECT 'Please, do not use ' AS _msg FROM DUAL");
 $row = mysqli_fetch_assoc($res);
@@ -44,6 +45,7 @@ mysql_select_db("test");
 $res = mysql_query("SELECT 'the mysql extension for new developments.' AS _msg FROM DUAL", $mysql);
 $row = mysql_fetch_assoc($res);
 echo $row['_msg'];
+?>
 ]]>
     </programlisting>
     &example.outputs;
@@ -73,6 +75,7 @@ Please, do not use the mysql extension for new developments.
     <title>Object-oriented and procedural interface</title>
     <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 $mysqli = mysqli_connect("example.com", "user", "password", "database");
 if (mysqli_connect_errno($mysqli))
  echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: " . mysqli_connect_error();
@@ -82,12 +85,13 @@ $row = mysqli_fetch_assoc($res);
 echo $row['_msg'];
 
 $mysqli = new mysqli("example.com", "user", "password", "database");
-if ($mysqli->connect_errno))
+if ($mysqli->connect_errno)
  echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: " . $mysqli->connect_error;
 
 $res = $mysqli->query("SELECT 'choices to please everybody,' AS _msg FROM DUAL");
 $row = $res->fetch_assoc();
 echo $row['_msg'];
+?>
 ]]>
     </programlisting>
     &example.outputs;
@@ -114,8 +118,9 @@ A world full of choices to please everybody.
     <title>Bad coding style</title>
     <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 $mysqli = new mysqli("example.com", "user", "password", "database");
-if ($mysqli->connect_errno))
+if ($mysqli->connect_errno)
  echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: " . $mysqli->connect_error;
 
 $res = mysqli_query($mysqli, "SELECT 'Possible but bad style.' AS _msg FROM DUAL");
@@ -124,6 +129,7 @@ if (!$res)
 
 if ($row = $res->fetch_assoc())
  echo $row['_msg'];
+?>
 ]]>
     </programlisting>
     &example.outputs;
@@ -168,15 +174,17 @@ Possible but bad style.
     <title>Special meaning of localhost</title>
     <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 $mysqli = new mysqli("localhost", "user", "password", "database");
-if ($mysqli->connect_errno))
+if ($mysqli->connect_errno)
  echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: (" . $mysqli->connect_errno . ") " . $mysqli->connect_error;
 echo $mysqli->host_info . "\n";
 
 $mysqli = new mysqli("127.0.0.1", "user", "password", "database", 3306);
-if ($mysqli->connect_errno))
+if ($mysqli->connect_errno)
  echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: (" . $mysqli->connect_errno . ") " . $mysqli->connect_error;
 echo $mysqli->host_info . "\n";
+?>
 ]]>
     </programlisting>
     &example.outputs;
@@ -354,14 +362,16 @@ mysqli.default_socket=/tmp/mysql.sock
     <title>Bad coding style</title>
     <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 $mysqli = new mysqli("example.com", "user", "password", "database");
-if ($mysqli->connect_errno))
+if ($mysqli->connect_errno)
  echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: (" . $mysqli->connect_errno . ") " . $mysqli->connect_error;
 
 if (!$mysqli->query("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test") ||
     !$mysqli->query("CREATE TABLE test(id INT)") ||
     !$mysqli->query("INSERT INTO test(id) VALUES (1)"))
     echo "Table creation failed: (" . $mysqli->errno . ") " . $mysqli->error;
+?>
 ]]>
     </programlisting>
    </example>
@@ -389,8 +399,9 @@ if (!$mysqli->query("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test") ||
     <title>Navigation through buffered results</title>
     <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 $mysqli = new mysqli("example.com", "user", "password", "database");
-if ($mysqli->connect_errno))
+if ($mysqli->connect_errno)
  echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: (" . $mysqli->connect_errno . ") " . $mysqli->connect_error;
 
 if (!$mysqli->query("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test") ||
@@ -411,6 +422,7 @@ echo "Result set order...\n";
 $res->data_seek(0);
 while ($row = $res->fetch_assoc())
  echo " id = " . $row['id'] . "\n";
+?>
 ]]>
     </programlisting>
     &example.outputs;
@@ -442,12 +454,14 @@ Result set order...
     <title>Navigation through buffered results</title>
     <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 $mysqli->real_query("SELECT id FROM test ORDER BY id ASC");
 $res = $mysqli->use_result();
 
 echo "Result set order...\n";
 while ($row = $res->fetch_assoc())
  echo " id = " . $row['id'] . "\n";
+?>
 ]]>
     </programlisting>
    </example>
@@ -472,8 +486,9 @@ while ($row = $res->fetch_assoc())
     <title>Text protocol returns strings by default</title>
     <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 $mysqli = new mysqli("example.com", "user", "password", "database");
-if ($mysqli->connect_errno))
+if ($mysqli->connect_errno)
  echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: (" . $mysqli->connect_errno . ") " . $mysqli->connect_error;
 
 if (!$mysqli->query("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test") ||
@@ -486,6 +501,7 @@ $row = $res->fetch_assoc();
 
 printf("id = %s (%s)\n", $row['id'], gettype($row['id']));
 printf("label = %s (%s)\n", $row['label'], gettype($row['label']));
+?>
 ]]>
     </programlisting>
     &example.outputs;
@@ -510,10 +526,11 @@ label = a (string)
     <title>Native data types with mysqlnd and conneciton option</title>
     <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 $mysqli = mysqli_init();
 $mysqli->options(MYSQLI_OPT_INT_AND_FLOAT_NATIVE, 1);
 $mysqli->real_connect("example.com", "user", "password", "database");
-if ($mysqli->connect_errno))
+if ($mysqli->connect_errno)
  echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: (" . $mysqli->connect_errno . ") " . $mysqli->connect_error;
 
 if (!$mysqli->query("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test") ||
@@ -526,6 +543,7 @@ $row = $res->fetch_assoc();
 
 printf("id = %s (%s)\n", $row['id'], gettype($row['id']));
 printf("label = %s (%s)\n", $row['label'], gettype($row['label']));
+?>
 ]]>
     </programlisting>
     &example.outputs;
@@ -579,8 +597,9 @@ label = a (string)
     <title>First stage: prepare</title>
     <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 $mysqli = new mysqli("example.com", "user", "password", "database");
-if ($mysqli->connect_errno))
+if ($mysqli->connect_errno)
  echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: (" . $mysqli->connect_errno . ") " . $mysqli->connect_error;
 
 /* Non-prepared statement */
@@ -591,6 +610,7 @@ if (!$mysqli->query("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test") ||
 /* Prepared statement, stage 1: prepare */
 if (!($stmt = $mysqli->prepare("INSERT INTO test(id) VALUES (?)")))
  echo "Prepare failed: (" . $mysqli->errno . ") " . $mysqli->error;
+?>
 ]]>
     </programlisting>
    </example>
@@ -606,6 +626,7 @@ if (!($stmt = $mysqli->prepare("INSERT INTO test(id) VALUES (?)")))
     <title>Second stage: bind and execute</title>
     <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 /* Prepared statement, stage 2: bind and execute */
 $id = 1;
 if (!$stmt->bind_param("i", $id))
@@ -613,6 +634,7 @@ if (!$stmt->bind_param("i", $id))
 
 if (!$stmt->execute())
  echo "Execute failed: (" . $stmt->errno . ") " . $stmt->error;
+?>
 ]]>
     </programlisting>
    </example>
@@ -631,8 +653,9 @@ if (!$stmt->execute())
     <title>INSERT prepared once, executed multiple times</title>
     <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 $mysqli = new mysqli("example.com", "user", "password", "database");
-if ($mysqli->connect_errno))
+if ($mysqli->connect_errno)
  echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: (" . $mysqli->connect_errno . ") " . $mysqli->connect_error;
 
 /* Non-prepared statement */
@@ -663,6 +686,7 @@ $stmt->close();
 /* Non-prepared statement */
 $res = $mysqli->query("SELECT id FROM test");
 var_dump($res->fetch_all());
+?>
 ]]>
     </programlisting>
     &example.outputs;
@@ -717,8 +741,10 @@ array(4) {
     <title>Less round trips using multi-INSERT SQL</title>
     <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 if (!$mysqli->query("INSERT INTO test(id) VALUES (1), (2), (3), (4)"))
  echo "Multi-INSERT failed: (" . $mysqli->errno . ") " . $mysqli->error;
+?>
 ]]>
     </programlisting>
    </example>
@@ -741,8 +767,9 @@ if (!$mysqli->query("INSERT INTO test(id) VALUES (1), (2), (3), (4)"))
     <title>Native datatypes</title>
     <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 $mysqli = new mysqli("example.com", "user", "password", "database");
-if ($mysqli->connect_errno))
+if ($mysqli->connect_errno)
  echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: (" . $mysqli->connect_errno . ") " . $mysqli->connect_error;
 
 if (!$mysqli->query("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test") ||
@@ -757,6 +784,7 @@ $row = $res->fetch_assoc();
 
 printf("id = %s (%s)\n", $row['id'], gettype($row['id']));
 printf("label = %s (%s)\n", $row['label'], gettype($row['label']));
+?>
 ]]>
     </programlisting>
     &example.outputs;
@@ -790,8 +818,9 @@ label = a (string)
     <title>Output variable binding</title>
     <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 $mysqli = new mysqli("example.com", "user", "password", "database");
-if ($mysqli->connect_errno))
+if ($mysqli->connect_errno)
  echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: (" . $mysqli->connect_errno . ") " . $mysqli->connect_error;
 
 if (!$mysqli->query("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test") ||
@@ -814,6 +843,7 @@ while ($stmt->fetch())
  printf("id = %s (%s), label = %s (%s)\n",
    $out_id, gettype($out_id),
    $out_label, gettype($out_label));
+?>
 ]]>
     </programlisting>
     &example.outputs;
@@ -850,8 +880,9 @@ id = 1 (integer), label = a (string)
     <title>Using mysqli_result to fetch results</title>
     <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 $mysqli = new mysqli("example.com", "user", "password", "database");
-if ($mysqli->connect_errno))
+if ($mysqli->connect_errno)
  echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: (" . $mysqli->connect_errno . ") " . $mysqli->connect_error;
 
 if (!$mysqli->query("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test") ||
@@ -869,6 +900,7 @@ if (!($res = $stmt->get_result()))
  echo "Getting result set failed: (" . $stmt->errno . ") " . $stmt->error;
 
 var_dump($res->fetch_all());
+?>
 ]]>
     </programlisting>
     &example.outputs;
@@ -896,8 +928,9 @@ array(1) {
     <title>Buffered result set for flexible read out</title>
     <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 $mysqli = new mysqli("example.com", "user", "password", "database");
-if ($mysqli->connect_errno))
+if ($mysqli->connect_errno)
  echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: (" . $mysqli->connect_errno . ") " . $mysqli->connect_error;
 
 if (!$mysqli->query("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test") ||
@@ -919,6 +952,7 @@ for ($row_no = ($res->num_rows - 1); $row_no >= 0; $row_no--) {
   var_dump($res->fetch_assoc());
 }
 $res->close();
+?>
 ]]>
     </programlisting>
     &example.outputs;
@@ -1097,8 +1131,9 @@ array(2) {
     <title>Calling a stored procedure</title>
     <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 $mysqli = new mysqli("example.com", "user", "password", "database");
-if ($mysqli->connect_errno))
+if ($mysqli->connect_errno)
  echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: (" . $mysqli->connect_errno . ") " . $mysqli->connect_error;
 
 if (!$mysqli->query("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test") ||
@@ -1116,6 +1151,7 @@ if (!($res = $mysqli->query("SELECT id FROM test")))
  echo "SELECT failed: (" . $mysqli->errno . ") " . $mysqli->error;
 
 var_dump($res->fetch_assoc());
+?>
 ]]>
     </programlisting>
     &example.outputs;
@@ -1141,8 +1177,9 @@ array(1) {
     <title>Using session variables</title>
     <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 $mysqli = new mysqli("example.com", "user", "password", "database");
-if ($mysqli->connect_errno))
+if ($mysqli->connect_errno)
  echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: (" . $mysqli->connect_errno . ") " . $mysqli->connect_error;
 
 if (!$mysqli->query("DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS p") ||
@@ -1159,6 +1196,7 @@ if (!($res = $mysqli->query("SELECT @msg as _p_out")))
 
 $row = $res->fetch_assoc();
 echo $row['_p_out'];
+?>
 ]]>
     </programlisting>
     &example.outputs;
@@ -1199,8 +1237,9 @@ Hi!
     <title>Fetching results from stored procedures</title>
     <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 $mysqli = new mysqli("example.com", "user", "password", "database");
-if ($mysqli->connect_errno))
+if ($mysqli->connect_errno)
  echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: (" . $mysqli->connect_errno . ") " . $mysqli->connect_error;
 
 if (!$mysqli->query("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test") ||
@@ -1225,6 +1264,7 @@ do {
      echo "Store failed: (" . $mysqli->errno . ") " . $mysqli->error;
  }
 } while ($mysqli->more_results() && $mysqli->next_result());
+?>
 ]]>
     </programlisting>
     &example.outputs;
@@ -1285,8 +1325,9 @@ array(3) {
     <title>Stored Procedures and Prepared Statements</title>
     <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 $mysqli = new mysqli("example.com", "user", "password", "database");
-if ($mysqli->connect_errno))
+if ($mysqli->connect_errno)
  echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: (" . $mysqli->connect_errno . ") " . $mysqli->connect_error;
 
 if (!$mysqli->query("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test") ||
@@ -1315,6 +1356,7 @@ do {
      echo "Store failed: (" . $stmt->errno . ") " . $stmt->error;
  }
 } while ($stmt->more_results() && $stmt->next_result());
+?>
 ]]>
     </programlisting>
    </example>
@@ -1327,6 +1369,7 @@ do {
     <title>Stored Procedures and Prepared Statements using bind API</title>
     <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 if (!($stmt = $mysqli->prepare("CALL p()")))
    echo "Prepare failed: (" . $mysqli->errno . ") " . $mysqli->error;
 
@@ -1342,6 +1385,7 @@ do {
  while ($stmt->fetch())
    echo "id = $id_out\n";
 } while ($stmt->more_results() && $stmt->next_result());
+?>
 ]]>
     </programlisting>
    </example>
@@ -1380,8 +1424,9 @@ do {
     <title>Multiple Statements</title>
     <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 $mysqli = new mysqli("example.com", "user", "password", "database");
-if ($mysqli->connect_errno))
+if ($mysqli->connect_errno)
  echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: (" . $mysqli->connect_errno . ") " . $mysqli->connect_error;
 
 if (!$mysqli->query("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test") ||
@@ -1401,6 +1446,7 @@ do {
   $res->free();
  }
 } while ($mysqli->more_results() && $mysqli->next_result());
+?>
 ]]>
     </programlisting>
     &example.outputs;
@@ -1443,10 +1489,12 @@ array(1) {
     <title>SQL ijnection</title>
     <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 $mysqli = new mysqli("example.com", "user", "password", "database");
 $res = $mysqli->query("SELECT 1; DROP TABLE mysql.user");
 if (!$res)
   echo "Error executing query: (" . $mysqli->errno . ") " . $mysqli->error;
+?>
 ]]>
     </programlisting>
     &example.outputs;
@@ -1492,8 +1540,9 @@ Error executing query: (1064) You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the ma
     <title>Setting auto commit mode with SQL and through the API</title>
     <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 $mysqli = new mysqli("example.com", "user", "password", "database");
-if ($mysqli->connect_errno))
+if ($mysqli->connect_errno)
  echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: (" . $mysqli->connect_errno . ") " . $mysqli->connect_error;
 
 /* Recommended: using API to control transactional settings */
@@ -1502,6 +1551,7 @@ $mysqli->autocommit(false);
 /* Won't be monitored and recognized by the replication and the load balancing plugin */
 if (!$mysqli->query('SET AUTOCOMMIT = 0'))
   echo "Query failed: (" . $mysqli->errno . ") " . $mysqli->error;
+?>
 ]]>
     </programlisting>
    </example>
@@ -1518,6 +1568,7 @@ if (!$mysqli->query('SET AUTOCOMMIT = 0'))
     <title>Commit and rollback</title>
     <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 $mysqli = new mysqli("example.com", "user", "password", "database");
 $mysqli->autocommit(false);
 
@@ -1526,6 +1577,7 @@ $mysqli->rollback();
 
 $mysqli->query("INSERT INTO test(id) VALUES (2)");
 $mysqli->commit();
+?>
 ]]>
     </programlisting>
    </example>
@@ -1563,12 +1615,14 @@ $mysqli->commit();
     <title>Accessing result set meta data</title>
     <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 $mysqli = new mysqli("example.com", "user", "password", "database");
-if ($mysqli->connect_errno))
+if ($mysqli->connect_errno)
  echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: (" . $mysqli->connect_errno . ") " . $mysqli->connect_error;
 
 $res = $mysqli->query("SELECT 1 AS _one, 'Hello' AS _two FROM DUAL");
 var_dump($res->fetch_fields());
+?>
 ]]>
     </programlisting>
     &example.outputs;
@@ -1651,10 +1705,12 @@ array(2) {
     <title>Prepared statements metadata</title>
     <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 $stmt = $mysqli->prepare("SELECT 1 AS _one, 'Hello' AS _two FROM DUAL");
 $stmt->execute();
 $res = $stmt->result_metadata();
 var_dump($res->fetch_fields());
+?>
 ]]>
     </programlisting>
    </example>