diff --git a/reference/funchand/functions/call-user-func-array.xml b/reference/funchand/functions/call-user-func-array.xml
index 2b33b66169..36c75a2f31 100644
--- a/reference/funchand/functions/call-user-func-array.xml
+++ b/reference/funchand/functions/call-user-func-array.xml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
-<!-- $Revision: 1.4 $ -->
+<!-- $Revision: 1.5 $ -->
 <!-- splitted from ./en/functions/funchand.xml, last change in rev 1.10 -->
   <refentry id="function.call-user-func-array">
    <refnamediv>
@@ -20,9 +20,12 @@
      <parameter>function</parameter>, with
      the parameters in <parameter>paramarr</parameter>.
      For example:
+    </para>
+    <para>
      <informalexample>
       <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 function debug($var, $val)
     echo "***DEBUGGING\nVARIABLE: $var\nVALUE:";
     if (is_array($val) || is_object($val) || is_resource($val))
@@ -38,6 +41,7 @@ $host = $_SERVER["SERVER_NAME"];
 call_user_func_array ('debug', array("host", $host));
 call_user_func_array ('debug', array("c", $c));
 call_user_func_array ('debug', array("_POST", $_POST));
+?>
 ]]>
       </programlisting>
      </informalexample>
diff --git a/reference/funchand/functions/call-user-func.xml b/reference/funchand/functions/call-user-func.xml
index 56fbba4a91..7072be857f 100644
--- a/reference/funchand/functions/call-user-func.xml
+++ b/reference/funchand/functions/call-user-func.xml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
-<!-- $Revision: 1.4 $ -->
+<!-- $Revision: 1.5 $ -->
 <!-- splitted from ./en/functions/funchand.xml, last change in rev 1.1 -->
   <refentry id="function.call-user-func">
    <refnamediv>
@@ -20,14 +20,18 @@
      Call a user defined function given by the
      <parameter>function</parameter> parameter.  Take the
      following:
+    </para>
+    <para>
      <informalexample>
       <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 function barber ($type) {
     print "You wanted a $type haircut, no problem";
 }
 call_user_func ('barber', "mushroom");
 call_user_func ('barber', "shave");
+?>
 ]]>
       </programlisting>
      </informalexample>
@@ -36,6 +40,8 @@ call_user_func ('barber', "shave");
      Object methods may also be invoked statically using this function
      by passing <literal>array($objectname, $methodname)</literal> to
      the <parameter>function</parameter> parameter.
+    </para>
+    <para>
      <informalexample>
       <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
diff --git a/reference/funchand/functions/create-function.xml b/reference/funchand/functions/create-function.xml
index 14ca8ba15c..6c9843560d 100644
--- a/reference/funchand/functions/create-function.xml
+++ b/reference/funchand/functions/create-function.xml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
-<!-- $Revision: 1.2 $ -->
+<!-- $Revision: 1.3 $ -->
 <!-- splitted from ./en/functions/funchand.xml, last change in rev 1.1 -->
   <refentry id="function.create-function">
    <refnamediv>
@@ -27,23 +27,31 @@
     <para>
      You can use this function, to (for example) create a function
      from information gathered at run time:
+    </para>
+    <para>
      <example>
       <title>
        Creating an anonymous function with <function>create_function</function>
       </title>
       <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 $newfunc = create_function('$a,$b','return "ln($a) + ln($b) = ".log($a * $b);');
 echo "New anonymous function: $newfunc\n";
 echo $newfunc(2,M_E)."\n";
 // outputs
 // New anonymous function: lambda_1
 // ln(2) + ln(2.718281828459) = 1.6931471805599
+?>
 ]]>
       </programlisting>
      </example>
+    </para>
+    <para>
      Or, perhaps to have general handler function that can apply a set
      of operations to a list of parameters:
+    </para>
+    <para>
      <example>
       <title>
        Making a general processing function with
@@ -51,6 +59,7 @@ echo $newfunc(2,M_E)."\n";
       </title>
       <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 function process($var1, $var2, $farr) {
     for ($f=0; $f < count($farr); $f++)
     echo $farr[$f]($var1,$var2)."\n";
@@ -81,12 +90,13 @@ $garr = array(
     );
 echo "\nUsing the second array of anonymous functions\n";
 process("Twas brilling and the slithy toves", "Twas the night", $garr);
+?>
 ]]>
       </programlisting>
-     </example>
-     and when you run the code above, the output will be:
-     <informalexample>
-      <programlisting>
+      <para>
+       and when you run the code above, the output will be:
+      </para>
+      <screen>
 <![CDATA[
 Using the first array of anonymous functions
 parameters: 2.3445, M_PI
@@ -102,53 +112,65 @@ Using the second array of anonymous functions
 CRCs: -725381282 , 1908338681
 similar(a,b) = 11(45.833333333333%)
 ]]>
-      </programlisting>
-     </informalexample>
-    But perhaps the most common use for of lambda-style (anonymous) functions
-    is to create callback functions, for example when using
-    <function>array_walk</function> or <function>usort</function>
-    <example>
-     <title>Using anonymous functions as callback functions</title>
-     <programlisting role="php">
+      </screen>
+     </example>
+    </para>
+    <para>
+     But perhaps the most common use for of lambda-style (anonymous) functions
+     is to create callback functions, for example when using
+     <function>array_walk</function> or <function>usort</function>
+    </para>
+    <para>
+     <example>
+      <title>Using anonymous functions as callback functions</title>
+      <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 $av = array("the ","a ","that ","this ");
 array_walk($av, create_function('&$v,$k','$v = $v."mango";'));
 print_r($av);  // for PHP 3 use var_dump()
-// outputs:
-// Array
-// (
-//   [0] => the mango
-//   [1] => a mango
-//   [2] => that mango
-//   [3] => this mango
-// )
+/*
+outputs:
+Array
+(
+  [0] => the mango
+  [1] => a mango
+  [2] => that mango
+  [3] => this mango
+)
+*/
 
 // an array of strings ordered from shorter to longer
 $sv = array("small","larger","a big string","it is a string thing");
 print_r($sv);
-// outputs:
-// Array
-// (
-//   [0] => small
-//   [1] => larger
-//   [2] => a big string
-//   [3] => it is a string thing
-// )
+/*
+outputs:
+Array
+(
+  [0] => small
+  [1] => larger
+  [2] => a big string
+  [3] => it is a string thing
+)
+*/
 
 // sort it from longer to shorter
 usort($sv, create_function('$a,$b','return strlen($b) - strlen($a);'));
 print_r($sv);
-// outputs:
-// Array
-// (
-//   [0] => it is a string thing
-//   [1] => a big string
-//   [2] => larger
-//   [3] => small
-// )
+/*
+outputs:
+Array
+(
+  [0] => it is a string thing
+  [1] => a big string
+  [2] => larger
+  [3] => small
+)
+*/
+?>
 ]]>
-     </programlisting>
-    </example>
+      </programlisting>
+     </example>
     </para>
    </refsect1>
   </refentry>
diff --git a/reference/funchand/functions/function-exists.xml b/reference/funchand/functions/function-exists.xml
index c6d8b76ba8..6db8b12663 100644
--- a/reference/funchand/functions/function-exists.xml
+++ b/reference/funchand/functions/function-exists.xml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
-<!-- $Revision: 1.2 $ -->
+<!-- $Revision: 1.3 $ -->
 <!-- splitted from ./en/functions/funchand.xml, last change in rev 1.1 -->
   <refentry id="function.function-exists">
    <refnamediv>
@@ -17,17 +17,23 @@
     <para>
      Checks the list of defined functions, both built-in (internal) and
      user-defined, for <parameter>function_name</parameter>. &return.success;
+    </para>
+    <para>
      <informalexample>
       <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 if (function_exists('imap_open')) {
-    echo "IMAP functions are available.<br>\n";
+    echo "IMAP functions are available.<br />\n";
 } else {
-    echo "IMAP functions are not available.<br>\n";
+    echo "IMAP functions are not available.<br />\n";
 }
+?>
 ]]>
       </programlisting>
      </informalexample>
+    </para>
+    <para>
      Note that a function name may exist even if the function itself
      is unusable due to configuration or compiling options (with the 
      <link linkend="ref.image">image</link> functions being an example).  
diff --git a/reference/funchand/functions/get-defined-functions.xml b/reference/funchand/functions/get-defined-functions.xml
index 5dd89cea14..3e62ff2f54 100644
--- a/reference/funchand/functions/get-defined-functions.xml
+++ b/reference/funchand/functions/get-defined-functions.xml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
-<!-- $Revision: 1.2 $ -->
+<!-- $Revision: 1.3 $ -->
 <!-- splitted from ./en/functions/funchand.xml, last change in rev 1.6 -->
   <refentry id="function.get-defined-functions">
    <refnamediv>
@@ -20,9 +20,12 @@
      internal functions will be accessible via
      <varname>$arr["internal"]</varname>, and the user defined ones using
      <varname>$arr["user"]</varname> (see example below).
+    </para>
+    <para>
      <informalexample>
       <programlisting role="php">
 <![CDATA[
+<?php
 function myrow($id, $data) {
     return "<tr><th>$id</th><td>$data</td></tr>\n";
 }
@@ -30,14 +33,13 @@ function myrow($id, $data) {
 $arr = get_defined_functions();
 
 print_r($arr);
+?>
 ]]>
-     </programlisting>
-     </informalexample>
-    </para>
-    <para>
-     Will output something along the lines of:
-     <informalexample>
-      <programlisting>
+      </programlisting>
+      <para>
+       Will output something along the lines of:
+      </para>
+      <screen>
 <![CDATA[
 Array
 (
@@ -62,7 +64,7 @@ Array
 
 )
 ]]>
-      </programlisting>
+      </screen>
      </informalexample>
     </para>
     <para>