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This commit is contained in:
Kevin Kee
parent
55859460de
commit
317d45625b
1 changed files with 326 additions and 89 deletions
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@ -1,22 +1,28 @@
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="big5"?>
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<!-- $Revision: 1.60 $ -->
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
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<!-- $Revision: 1.61 $ -->
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<chapter id="language.variables">
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<title>各類變數</title>
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<title>Variables</title>
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<sect1 id="language.variables.basics">
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<title>基本知識</title>
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<title>Basics</title>
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<simpara>
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所有 PHP 的變數都是以 "$" 為開端，後加變數名所組成的。變數名稱是有大小寫之分的。
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Variables in PHP are represented by a dollar sign followed by the
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name of the variable. The variable name is case-sensitive.
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</simpara>
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<para>
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PHP 的變數名稱和其他標籤有著相同的規則。一個有效的變數是由英文字母或底線開始，跟著是任意長短的字母、數字或底線。按正規運算式，它可以表達為：'[a-zA-Z_\x7f-\xff][a-zA-Z0-9_\x7f-\xff]*'
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Variable names follow the same rules as other labels in PHP. A
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valid variable name starts with a letter or underscore, followed
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by any number of letters, numbers, or underscores. As a regular
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expression, it would be expressed thus:
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'[a-zA-Z_\x7f-\xff][a-zA-Z0-9_\x7f-\xff]*'
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</para>
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<note>
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<simpara>
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字母為 a-z，A-Z，而 ASCII 字符則從 127 至 255〈0x7f-0xff〉。
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For our purposes here, a letter is a-z, A-Z, and the ASCII
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characters from 127 through 255 (0x7f-0xff).
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</simpara>
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</note>
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@ -39,14 +45,33 @@ $t
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</para>
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<para>
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PHP 3 中，變數總是由值指派。也就是說，當您將一個運算式的值指派給一個變數時，整個原始運算式的值將會複製到目的變數。例如，當將一個變數的值指派給另一個變數之後，更改當中的任何一個變數的值並不會影響到另一個變數的值。想要知道更多這類的指派，請參閱<link linkend="language.expressions">運算式</link>這一章。
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In PHP 3, variables are always assigned by value. That is to say,
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when you assign an expression to a variable, the entire value of
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the original expression is copied into the destination
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variable. This means, for instance, that after assigning one
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variable's value to another, changing one of those variables will
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have no effect on the other. For more information on this kind of
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assignment, see the chapter on <link
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linkend="language.expressions">Expressions</link>.
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</para>
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<para>
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PHP 4 則提供了另一種指派變數值的方法：<link linkend="language.references">傳址指派</link>，即新變數只是參照原來變數中的值，或說新的變數成為原來變數的別名。此時，更改兩個變數中任何一個的值都會同時更改另一個的值。由於沒有執行實際的複製工作，指派的操作也因此更加快捷。不過，只有在緊密的迴圈或指派大量的<link linkend="language.types.array">陣列</link>或<link linkend="language.types.object">物件</link>時才會察覺速度的提升。
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PHP 4 offers another way to assign values to variables:
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<link linkend="language.references">assign by reference</link>.
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This means that the new variable simply references (in other words,
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"becomes an alias for" or "points to") the original variable.
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Changes to the new variable affect the original, and vice versa.
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This also means that no copying is performed; thus, the assignment
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happens more quickly. However, any speedup will likely be noticed
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only in tight loops or when assigning large
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<link linkend="language.types.array">arrays</link> or
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<link linkend="language.types.object">objects</link>.
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</para>
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<para>
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使用傳址指派，只須在被參照的原變數前加上一個 (&) 的符號。例如，下列程式碼在使用傳址指派後輸出 'My name is Bob' 兩次。
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To assign by reference, simply prepend an ampersand (&) to the
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beginning of the variable which is being assigned (the source
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variable). For instance, the following code snippet outputs 'My
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name is Bob' twice:
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<informalexample>
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<programlisting role="php">
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<![CDATA[
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@ -63,7 +88,8 @@ echo $foo; // $foo is altered too.
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</para>
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<para>
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需要注意的是只有真正命名的變數才可以用來進行傳址指派。
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One important thing to note is that only named variables may be
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assigned by reference.
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<informalexample>
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<programlisting role="php">
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<![CDATA[
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@ -86,48 +112,89 @@ $bar = &test(); // Invalid.
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="language.variables.predefined">
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<title>預設的變數</title>
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<title>Predefined variables</title>
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<simpara>
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PHP 為它執行的程式提供了大量的預設變數。然而，由于有許多變數因依賴其所執行的伺服器種類、版本、安裝等情況而定，因此難以有完整的被記載下來。更有一些變數在<link linkend="features.commandline">指令行</link>的模式運行時是不能使用的。有關這些變數的列表，請參考<link linkend="reserved.variables">保留的先前定義變數</link>一節。
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PHP provides a large number of predefined variables to any script
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which it runs. Many of these variables, however, cannot be fully
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documented as they are dependent upon which server is running, the
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version and setup of the server, and other factors. Some of these
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variables will not be available when PHP is run on the
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<link linkend="features.commandline">command line</link>.
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For a listing of these variables, please see the section on
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<link linkend="reserved.variables">Reserved Predefined Variables</link>.
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</simpara>
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<warning>
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<simpara>
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PHP 4.2.0 以後的版本，<link linkend="ini.register-globals">register_globals</link> 指令的預設值是 <emphasis>off</emphasis>。這是一個重大的改變。將 register_globals 的值預設為 <emphasis>off</emphasis> 會影響到預設變數在全域範圍內的有效性。例如，要得到 <varname>DOCUMENT_ROOT</varname> 的值，應使用 <varname>$_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT']</varname> 而不是 <varname>$DOCUMENT_ROOT</varname>、使用 <varname>$_GET['id']</varname> 以取得 URL <literal>http://www.example.com/test.php?id=3</literal> 中 id 的值，而不是用 <varname>$id</varname>、或使用 <varname>$_ENV['HOME']</varname> 來取代 <varname>$HOME</varname>。
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In PHP 4.2.0 and later, the default value for the PHP directive <link
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linkend="ini.register-globals">register_globals</link> is
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<emphasis>off</emphasis>. This is a major change in PHP. Having
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register_globals <emphasis>off</emphasis> affects the set of predefined
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variables available in the global scope. For example, to get
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<varname>DOCUMENT_ROOT</varname> you'll use
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<varname>$_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT']</varname> instead of
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<varname>$DOCUMENT_ROOT</varname>, or <varname>$_GET['id']</varname> from
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the URL <literal>http://www.example.com/test.php?id=3</literal> instead
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of <varname>$id</varname>, or <varname>$_ENV['HOME']</varname> instead of
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<varname>$HOME</varname>.
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</simpara>
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<simpara>
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更多與此更改相關的資料可在 <link linkend="ini.register-globals">register_globals</link> 的設置一節、<link linkend="security.registerglobals">使用 Register Globals</link> 中的安全章，或在 <ulink url="&url.php.release4.1.0;">4.1.0</ulink> 及 <ulink url="&url.php.release4.2.0;">4.2.0</ulink> 的發行通告中取得。
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For related information on this change, read the configuration entry for
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<link linkend="ini.register-globals">register_globals</link>, the security
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chapter on <link linkend="security.registerglobals">Using Register Globals
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</link>, as well as the PHP <ulink url="&url.php.release4.1.0;">4.1.0
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</ulink> and <ulink url="&url.php.release4.2.0;">4.2.0</ulink> Release
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Announcements.
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</simpara>
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<simpara>
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我們建議您使用 PHP 提供的保留預設變數，如 <link linkend="language.variables.superglobals">superglobal 陳列</link>。
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Using the available PHP Reserved Predefined Variables, like the
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<link linkend="language.variables.superglobals">superglobal arrays</link>,
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is preferred.
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</simpara>
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</warning>
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<simpara>
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自 4.1.0 版本起，PHP 額外提供了一套預設陣列，當中包含了來自伺服器〈如適用〉、環境、及使用者輸入的變數。這些新陳列比較特別，因此它們會自動地設為全域，即可以在所有範圍內使用。正因如此，它們也被稱為 'autoglobals' 或 'superglobals'。〈PHP 尚未有使用者自行定義 superglobals 的功能。〉我們將在下面列出 superglobals，但要知道它們的內容和 PHP 預設變數的深入討論，請參考<link linkend="reserved.variables">保留的先前定義變數</link>一節。此外，您也會留意舊有的預設變數 (<varname>$HTTP_*_VARS</varname>) 仍然存在。
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From version 4.1.0 onward, PHP provides an additional set of predefined arrays
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containing variables from the web server (if applicable), the
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environment, and user input. These new arrays are rather special
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in that they are automatically global--i.e., automatically
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available in every scope. For this reason, they are often known as
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'autoglobals' or 'superglobals'. (There is no mechanism in PHP for
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user-defined superglobals.) The superglobals are listed below;
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however, for a listing of their contents and further discussion on
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PHP predefined variables and their natures, please see the section
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<link linkend="reserved.variables">Reserved Predefined Variables</link>.
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Also, you'll notice how the older predefined variables
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(<varname>$HTTP_*_VARS</varname>) still exist.
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&avail.register-long-arrays;
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</simpara>
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<note>
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<title>可變變數</title>
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<title>Variable variables</title>
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<para>
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Superglobals 不能當作<link linkend="language.variables.variable">可變變數</link>來使用。
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Superglobals cannot be used as
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<link linkend="language.variables.variable">variable variables</link>.
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</para>
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</note>
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<para>
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如果某些 <link linkend="ini.variables-order">variables_order</link> 中的變數沒有被設定，它們相對的 PHP 預設陳列也將會是空的。
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If certain variables in <link
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linkend="ini.variables-order">variables_order</link> are not set, their
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appropriate PHP predefined arrays are also left empty.
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</para>
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<variablelist id="language.variables.superglobals">
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<title>PHP 的 Superglobals</title>
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<title>PHP Superglobals</title>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><link linkend="reserved.variables.globals">$GLOBALS</link></term>
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<listitem>
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<simpara>
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包含一個指向程式全域範圍內可用變數的索引。此陳列的索引鍵為全域變數的名稱。<varname>$GLOBALS</varname> 自 PHP 3 開始就已存在。
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Contains a reference to every variable which is currently
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available within the global scope of the script. The keys of
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this array are the names of the global variables.
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<varname>$GLOBALS</varname> has existed since PHP 3.
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</simpara>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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@ -135,7 +202,10 @@ $bar = &test(); // Invalid.
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<term><link linkend="reserved.variables.server">$_SERVER</link></term>
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<listitem>
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<simpara>
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由網頁伺服器設定的變數或目前的程式所執行的環境產生的變數。其性質類似舊有的 <varname>$HTTP_SERVER_VARS</varname> 陳列，雖然目前還可以使用，但不被建議。
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Variables set by the web server or otherwise directly related
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to the execution environment of the current script. Analogous
|
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to the old <varname>$HTTP_SERVER_VARS</varname> array (which is
|
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still available, but deprecated).
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</simpara>
|
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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|
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@ -143,7 +213,9 @@ $bar = &test(); // Invalid.
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<term><link linkend="reserved.variables.get">$_GET</link></term>
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<listitem>
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<simpara>
|
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通過 HTTP GET 提供給程式的變數。其性質類似舊有的 <varname>$HTTP_GET_VARS</varname> 陳列，雖然目前還可以使用，但不被建議。
|
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Variables provided to the script via HTTP GET. Analogous to the
|
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old <varname>$HTTP_GET_VARS</varname> array (which is still
|
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available, but deprecated).
|
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</simpara>
|
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</listitem>
|
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</varlistentry>
|
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|
|
@ -151,7 +223,9 @@ $bar = &test(); // Invalid.
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<term><link linkend="reserved.variables.post">$_POST</link></term>
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<listitem>
|
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<simpara>
|
||||
通過 HTTP POST 提供給程式的變數。其性質類似舊有的 <varname>$HTTP_POST_VARS</varname>陳列，雖然目前還可以使用，但不被建議。
|
||||
Variables provided to the script via HTTP POST. Analogous to the
|
||||
old <varname>$HTTP_POST_VARS</varname> array (which is still
|
||||
available, but deprecated).
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
|
|
@ -159,7 +233,9 @@ $bar = &test(); // Invalid.
|
|||
<term><link linkend="reserved.variables.cookies">$_COOKIE</link></term>
|
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<listitem>
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
通過 HTTP cookies 提供給程式的變數。其性質類似舊有的 <varname>$HTTP_COOKIE_VARS</varname>陳列，雖然目前還可以使用，但不被建議。
|
||||
Variables provided to the script via HTTP cookies. Analogous to
|
||||
the old <varname>$HTTP_COOKIE_VARS</varname> array (which is
|
||||
still available, but deprecated).
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
|
|
@ -167,7 +243,12 @@ $bar = &test(); // Invalid.
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|||
<term><link linkend="reserved.variables.files">$_FILES</link></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
通過 HTTP POST 檔案上傳提供給程式的變數。其性質類似舊有的 <varname>$HTTP_POST_FILES</varname>陳列，雖然目前還可以使用，但不被建議。詳情請參閱 <link linkend="features.file-upload.post-method">POST 上傳方式</link>。
|
||||
Variables provided to the script via HTTP post file
|
||||
uploads. Analogous to the old
|
||||
<varname>$HTTP_POST_FILES</varname> array (which is still
|
||||
available, but deprecated). See <link
|
||||
linkend="features.file-upload.post-method">POST method
|
||||
uploads</link> for more information.
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
|
|
@ -175,7 +256,9 @@ $bar = &test(); // Invalid.
|
|||
<term><link linkend="reserved.variables.environment">$_ENV</link></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
執行環境提供給程式的變數。其性質類似舊有的 <varname>$HTTP_ENV_VARS</varname>陳列，雖然目前還可以使用，但不被建議。
|
||||
Variables provided to the script via the environment. Analogous
|
||||
to the old <varname>$HTTP_ENV_VARS</varname> array (which is
|
||||
still available, but deprecated).
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
|
|
@ -183,11 +266,20 @@ $bar = &test(); // Invalid.
|
|||
<term><link linkend="reserved.variables.request">$_REQUEST</link></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
通過任何使用者輸入途徑而提供給程式的變數，也正因如此不值得信任。此陳列中變數的存在與否及次序是決定於 <link linkend="ini.variables-order">variables_order</link> 的設定。PHP 4.1.0 之前的版本並沒有類似此陳列的變數。請同時參閱 <function>import_request_variables</function>。
|
||||
Variables provided to the script via any user input mechanism,
|
||||
and which therefore cannot be trusted. The presence and order
|
||||
of variable inclusion in this array is defined according to the <link
|
||||
linkend="ini.variables-order">variables_order</link>
|
||||
configuration directive. This array has no direct analogue in
|
||||
versions of PHP prior to 4.1.0. See also
|
||||
<function>import_request_variables</function>.
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
在<link linkend="features.commandline">指令行</link>模式下執行時，它並<emphasis>不</emphasis>包含 <varname>argv</varname> 和 <varname>argc</varname> 項目。此兩項目只在 <varname>$_SERVER</varname> 陳列中出現。
|
||||
When running on the <link linkend="features.commandline">command line
|
||||
</link>, this will <emphasis>not</emphasis> include the
|
||||
<varname>argv</varname> and <varname>argc</varname> entries; these are
|
||||
present in the <varname>$_SERVER</varname> array.
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
|
@ -196,7 +288,12 @@ $bar = &test(); // Invalid.
|
|||
<term><link linkend="reserved.variables.session">$_SESSION</link></term>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
目前和程式注冊了的 session 變數。其性質類似舊有的 <varname>$HTTP_SESSION_VARS</varname>陳列，雖然目前還可以使用，但不被建議。詳情請參閱 <link linkend="ref.session">Session 處理函數</link>一節。
|
||||
Variables which are currently registered to a script's
|
||||
session. Analogous to the old
|
||||
<varname>$HTTP_SESSION_VARS</varname> array (which is still
|
||||
available, but deprecated). See the <link
|
||||
linkend="ref.session">Session handling functions</link> section
|
||||
for more information.
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</varlistentry>
|
||||
|
|
@ -206,10 +303,13 @@ $bar = &test(); // Invalid.
|
|||
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="language.variables.scope">
|
||||
<title>變數範圍</title>
|
||||
<title>Variable scope</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
變數的範圍只是在其所定義的空間內存在。在大部份的情況下，PHP 的變數只有一個單一的範圍。這單一的範圍也包含了以 include 和 require 方式引入的檔案。例如：
|
||||
The scope of a variable is the context within which it is defined.
|
||||
For the most part all PHP variables only have a single scope.
|
||||
This single scope spans included and required files as well. For
|
||||
example:
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
<informalexample>
|
||||
<programlisting role="php">
|
||||
|
|
@ -222,7 +322,11 @@ include "b.inc";
|
|||
</programlisting>
|
||||
</informalexample>
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
例子中，變數 <varname>$a</varname> 也存在于被包含入的程式 <filename>b.inc</filename> 中。但是在使用者自訂的函數中，一個區域性的函數範圍將被引用。任何在函數內使用的變數在預設的情況下只局限於該函數的範圍內。例如：
|
||||
Here the <varname>$a</varname> variable will be available within
|
||||
the included <filename>b.inc</filename> script. However, within
|
||||
user-defined functions a local function scope is introduced. Any
|
||||
variable used inside a function is by default limited to the local
|
||||
function scope. For example:
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
|
||||
<informalexample>
|
||||
|
|
@ -243,7 +347,16 @@ Test();
|
|||
</informalexample>
|
||||
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
這個程式不會輸出任何東西，因為 echo 述句使用了本區域版本的 <varname>$a</varname> 變數，而該本區域變數並未曾被分配一個值。你會發現這和 C 語言的做法不同，因為 C 的全域變數是自動的提供給各函數，除非在本域定義中指明撤銷。此做法可能會引致一些問題，如使用者不慎地更改了全域變數的值。在 PHP 中，全域變數在本域使用前必須先宣佈為全域。例子：
|
||||
This script will not produce any output because the echo statement
|
||||
refers to a local version of the <varname>$a</varname> variable,
|
||||
and it has not been assigned a value within this scope. You may
|
||||
notice that this is a little bit different from the C language in
|
||||
that global variables in C are automatically available to
|
||||
functions unless specifically overridden by a local definition.
|
||||
This can cause some problems in that people may inadvertently
|
||||
change a global variable. In PHP global variables must be
|
||||
declared global inside a function if they are going to be used in
|
||||
that function. An example:
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
|
||||
<informalexample>
|
||||
|
|
@ -268,11 +381,17 @@ echo $b;
|
|||
</informalexample>
|
||||
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
上述例子將會輸出 "3"。在函數內宣佈 <varname>$a</varname> 及 <varname>$b</varname> 為全域後，所有涉及該兩個變數的使用將自動指向全域的版本。PHP 沒有限定一個函數可以使用的全域變數的數量。
|
||||
The above script will output "3". By declaring
|
||||
<varname>$a</varname> and <varname>$b</varname> global within the
|
||||
function, all references to either variable will refer to the
|
||||
global version. There is no limit to the number of global
|
||||
variables that can be manipulated by a function.
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
第二種存取全域範圍中的變數方法是使用一個由 PHP 特別定義的陳列：<varname>$GLOBALS</varname>。前面的例子可以重寫為：
|
||||
A second way to access variables from the global scope is to use
|
||||
the special PHP-defined <varname>$GLOBALS</varname> array. The
|
||||
previous example can be rewritten as:
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
|
||||
<informalexample>
|
||||
|
|
@ -295,7 +414,13 @@ echo $b;
|
|||
</informalexample>
|
||||
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
<varname>$GLOBALS</varname> 是一個關聯陳列 (associative array)，全域變數的名即為索引鍵，而該變數的內容即為陳列的值。有否留意到 <varname>$GLOBALS</varname> 在任何一個範圍都出現？那是因為 $GLOBALS 是一個<link linkend="language.variables.superglobals">superglobal</link>。這是一個示範 superglobals 強大功能的例子：
|
||||
The <varname>$GLOBALS</varname> array is an associative array with
|
||||
the name of the global variable being the key and the contents of
|
||||
that variable being the value of the array element.
|
||||
Notice how <varname>$GLOBALS</varname> exists in any scope, this
|
||||
is because $GLOBALS is a <link
|
||||
linkend="language.variables.superglobals">superglobal</link>.
|
||||
Here's an example demonstrating the power of superglobals:
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
<para>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -323,7 +448,11 @@ function test_global()
|
|||
</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
變數範圍的另一個重要功能為<emphasis>靜態</emphasis>變數。靜態變數只在本域函數範圍內存在，但是當程式執行離開此範圍時，它並不會喪失它的值。看看下面的例子：
|
||||
Another important feature of variable scoping is the
|
||||
<emphasis>static</emphasis> variable. A static variable exists
|
||||
only in a local function scope, but it does not lose its value
|
||||
when program execution leaves this scope. Consider the following
|
||||
example:
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
|
||||
<informalexample>
|
||||
|
|
@ -342,7 +471,13 @@ function Test ()
|
|||
</informalexample>
|
||||
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
此函數沒有什麼用處，因每一次執行它時，它將 <varname>$a</varname> 設為 <literal>0</literal> 然後列印出 "0"。<varname>$a</varname>++ 增加了 <varname>$a</varname> 的值，但並沒有實際用途因為一旦離開了該函數，變數 <varname>$a</varname> 也隨之消失。要設計一個有用的、不會丟失當前計數的計數函數，我們可以將 <varname>$a</varname>宣佈為靜態：
|
||||
This function is quite useless since every time it is called it
|
||||
sets <varname>$a</varname> to <literal>0</literal> and prints
|
||||
"0". The <varname>$a</varname>++ which increments the
|
||||
variable serves no purpose since as soon as the function exits the
|
||||
<varname>$a</varname> variable disappears. To make a useful
|
||||
counting function which will not lose track of the current count,
|
||||
the <varname>$a</varname> variable is declared static:
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
|
||||
<informalexample>
|
||||
|
|
@ -361,11 +496,18 @@ function Test()
|
|||
</informalexample>
|
||||
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
現在，每當函數 Test() 被呼叫時，它會列印出 <varname>$a</varname> 的值，然後加上一。
|
||||
Now, every time the Test() function is called it will print the
|
||||
value of <varname>$a</varname> and increment it.
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
靜態變數也提供一種處理遞迴函數的方法。遞迴函數是一種呼叫自己的函數。編寫遞迴函數時必須留意，因為若編寫錯誤，它有可能會無定限地遞迴。您必須確定足夠的方式來終止遞迴。下列簡單的函數將遞迴地數到 10，利用靜態變數 <varname>$count</varname> 來斷定什麼時候停止：
|
||||
Static variables also provide one way to deal with recursive
|
||||
functions. A recursive function is one which calls itself. Care
|
||||
must be taken when writing a recursive function because it is
|
||||
possible to make it recurse indefinitely. You must make sure you
|
||||
have an adequate way of terminating the recursion. The following
|
||||
simple function recursively counts to 10, using the static
|
||||
variable <varname>$count</varname> to know when to stop:
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
|
||||
<informalexample>
|
||||
|
|
@ -389,7 +531,12 @@ function Test()
|
|||
</informalexample>
|
||||
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
驅動 <literal>PHP 4</literal> 的 Zend Engine 1 是以參照的方式來實現 <literal>static</literal> 和 <literal>global</literal> 的。例如，一個真正的全域變數使用 <literal>global</literal> 方式引進一個函數範圍時實際上就是建立了一個全域變數的參照。這將導致一些意想不到的行為，正如下列例子所述：
|
||||
The Zend Engine 1, driving <literal>PHP4</literal>, implements the
|
||||
<literal>static</literal> and <literal>global</literal> modifier for
|
||||
variables in terms of references. For example, a true global variable
|
||||
imported inside a function scope with the <literal>global</literal>
|
||||
statement actually creates a reference to the global variable. This can
|
||||
lead to unexpected behaviour which the following example addresses:
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
|
||||
<informalexample>
|
||||
|
|
@ -416,7 +563,7 @@ var_dump($obj);
|
|||
</informalexample>
|
||||
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
執行這個例子將會導致下列的輸出：
|
||||
Executing this example will result in the following output:
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>
|
||||
|
|
@ -426,7 +573,8 @@ object(stdClass)(0) {
|
|||
</screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
<literal>static</literal> 陳述式也會導致同樣的輸出。參照並沒有被靜態地儲存：
|
||||
A similar behaviour applies to the <literal>static</literal> statement.
|
||||
References are not stored statically:
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
|
||||
<informalexample>
|
||||
|
|
@ -470,7 +618,7 @@ $still_obj2 = get_instance_noref();
|
|||
</informalexample>
|
||||
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
執行此例子將導致下列的輸出：
|
||||
Executing this example will result in the following output:
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
|
||||
<screen>
|
||||
|
|
@ -485,17 +633,21 @@ Static object: object(stdClass)(1) {
|
|||
</screen>
|
||||
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
上述例子示範了在指派一個參照給予一個靜態變數後，當您第二次呼叫 <literal>&get_instance_ref()</literal> 函數時，它是<emphasis>不會</emphasis>記住之前的值的。
|
||||
This example demonstrates that when assigning a reference to a static
|
||||
variable, it's not <emphasis>remembered</emphasis> when you call the
|
||||
<literal>&get_instance_ref()</literal> function a second time.
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="language.variables.variable">
|
||||
<title>可變變數</title>
|
||||
<title>Variable variables</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
有時候，可以使用可變變數會令到工作更加方便。也就是就，一個變數的名可以被動態的設定和使用。一個普通的變數是以下列的方法設定：
|
||||
Sometimes it is convenient to be able to have variable variable
|
||||
names. That is, a variable name which can be set and used
|
||||
dynamically. A normal variable is set with a statement such as:
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
|
||||
<informalexample>
|
||||
|
|
@ -509,7 +661,10 @@ $a = "hello";
|
|||
</informalexample>
|
||||
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
一個可變變數是以另一個變數的值作為它的變數名。在上述例子中，只要加兩個 $ 在 <emphasis>hello</emphasis> 的前面就可把它當作是一個變數的名來使用了。即：
|
||||
A variable variable takes the value of a variable and treats that
|
||||
as the name of a variable. In the above example,
|
||||
<emphasis>hello</emphasis>, can be used as the name of a variable
|
||||
by using two dollar signs. i.e.
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
|
||||
<informalexample>
|
||||
|
|
@ -523,7 +678,10 @@ $$a = "world";
|
|||
</informalexample>
|
||||
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
這時，有兩個變數被定義然後儲存在 PHP 的符號表中：含有 "hello" 的 <varname>$a</varname> 及含有 "world" 的 <varname>$hello</varname>。所以，此敘述：
|
||||
At this point two variables have been defined and stored in the
|
||||
PHP symbol tree: <varname>$a</varname> with contents "hello" and
|
||||
<varname>$hello</varname> with contents "world". Therefore, this
|
||||
statement:
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
|
||||
<informalexample>
|
||||
|
|
@ -537,7 +695,7 @@ echo "$a ${$a}";
|
|||
</informalexample>
|
||||
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
與下列這句有著同樣的輸出：
|
||||
produces the exact same output as:
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
|
||||
<informalexample>
|
||||
|
|
@ -551,34 +709,48 @@ echo "$a $hello";
|
|||
</informalexample>
|
||||
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
即，它們都輸出：<computeroutput>hello world</computeroutput>。
|
||||
i.e. they both produce: <computeroutput>hello world</computeroutput>.
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
為了要在陳列中使用可變變數，您必須首先解決一個模糊的問題。比方說，如果您使用 <varname>$$a[1]</varname>，那剖析器必須知道您是想當 <varname>$a[1]</varname> 是變數來使用，還是當 <varname>$$a</varname> 是變數，然後指向那個變數的第 [1] 個索引。解決上述模糊問題的語法是：第一個情況使用 <varname>${$a[1]}</varname>、第二個情況使用 <varname>${$a}[1]</varname>。
|
||||
In order to use variable variables with arrays, you have to
|
||||
resolve an ambiguity problem. That is, if you write
|
||||
<varname>$$a[1]</varname> then the parser needs to know if you
|
||||
meant to use <varname>$a[1]</varname> as a variable, or if you
|
||||
wanted <varname>$$a</varname> as the variable and then the [1]
|
||||
index from that variable. The syntax for resolving this ambiguity
|
||||
is: <varname>${$a[1]}</varname> for the first case and
|
||||
<varname>${$a}[1]</varname> for the second.
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
|
||||
<warning>
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
必須留意的是，可變變數是不能使用於 PHP 的 <link linkend="language.variables.superglobals">Superglobal 陳列</link>。這表示您不能使用 <varname>${$_GET}</varname> 這樣的敘述。如果您真的想使用 superglobals 和舊的 <varname>HTTP_*_VARS</varname>，您可以嘗試以<link linkend="language.references">參照</link>的方式使用。
|
||||
Please note that variable variables cannot be used with PHP's
|
||||
<link linkend="language.variables.superglobals">Superglobal arrays</link>.
|
||||
This means you cannot do things like <varname>${$_GET}</varname>. If you are
|
||||
looking for a way to handle availability of superglobals and the old
|
||||
<varname>HTTP_*_VARS</varname>, you might want to try
|
||||
<link linkend="language.references">referencing</link> them.
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
</warning>
|
||||
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="language.variables.external">
|
||||
<title>來自 PHP 以外的變數</title>
|
||||
<title>Variables from outside PHP</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2 id="language.variables.external.form">
|
||||
<title>HTML 表單 (GET 和POST)</title>
|
||||
<title>HTML Forms (GET and POST)</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
當一份表單傳送給 PHP 程式時，表單內的資訊將自動提供給該程式。我們有很多方法存取這些資訊，範例：
|
||||
When a form is submitted to a PHP script, the information from
|
||||
that form is automatically made available to the script. There
|
||||
are many ways to access this information, for example:
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>
|
||||
<example>
|
||||
<title>一個簡單的 HTML 表單</title>
|
||||
<title>A simple HTML form</title>
|
||||
<programlisting role="html">
|
||||
<![CDATA[
|
||||
<form action="foo.php" method="post">
|
||||
|
|
@ -592,12 +764,13 @@ echo "$a $hello";
|
|||
</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>
|
||||
根據您的安裝方式和個人偏好，PHP 提供多種方式存取 HTML 表單中的資料。一些例子如：
|
||||
Depending on your particular setup and personal preferences, there
|
||||
are many ways to access data from your HTML forms. Some examples are:
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>
|
||||
<example>
|
||||
<title>存取一個以 POST 方式傳送的簡單 HTML 表單</title>
|
||||
<title>Accessing data from a simple POST HTML form</title>
|
||||
<programlisting role="html">
|
||||
<![CDATA[
|
||||
<?php
|
||||
|
|
@ -609,7 +782,7 @@ echo "$a $hello";
|
|||
import_request_variables('p', 'p_');
|
||||
print $p_username;
|
||||
|
||||
// Available since PHP 3. As of PHP 5.0.0, these long predefined
|
||||
// Available since PHP 3. As of PHP 5.0.0, these long predefined
|
||||
// variables can be disabled with the register_long_arrays directive.
|
||||
|
||||
print $HTTP_POST_VARS['username'];
|
||||
|
|
@ -625,33 +798,55 @@ echo "$a $hello";
|
|||
</example>
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
<para>
|
||||
使用 GET 方式傳送的表單用法類似，只不過使用合適的先前定義的函數。GET 也可使用在查詢字串 (QUERY_STRING) 〈URL 中問號 '?' 後面的資訊〉。例如，<literal>http://www.example.com/test.php?id=3</literal> 含有以 <varname>$_GET['id']</varname> 方式存取的 GET 資料。請參考 <link linkend="reserved.variables.request">$_REQUEST</link> 和 <function>import_request_variables()</function>。
|
||||
Using a GET form is similar except you'll use the appropriate
|
||||
GET predefined variable instead. GET also applies to the
|
||||
QUERY_STRING (the information after the '?' in an URL). So,
|
||||
for example, <literal>http://www.example.com/test.php?id=3</literal>
|
||||
contains GET data which is accessible with <varname>$_GET['id']</varname>.
|
||||
See also <link linkend="reserved.variables.request">$_REQUEST</link> and
|
||||
<function>import_request_variables</function>.
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>
|
||||
<link linkend="language.variables.superglobals">Superglobal 陳列</link>如 <varname>$_POST</varname> 及 <varname>$_GET</varname> 在 PHP 版本 4.1.0 以上才開始提供。
|
||||
<link linkend="language.variables.superglobals">Superglobal arrays</link>,
|
||||
like <varname>$_POST</varname> and <varname>$_GET</varname>, became
|
||||
available in PHP 4.1.0
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>
|
||||
上面提到，在 PHP 4.2.0 之前的版本中，<link linkend="ini.register-globals">register_globals</link> 的預設值是 <emphasis>on</emphasis>。而在 PHP 3 中，它永遠是 on 的。我們建議所有使用者不要依賴此指令，並在編寫時將它當作是 <emphasis>off</emphasis> 來設計您的程式。
|
||||
As shown, before PHP 4.2.0 the default value for <link
|
||||
linkend="ini.register-globals">register_globals</link>
|
||||
was <emphasis>on</emphasis>. And, in PHP 3 it was always on. The PHP
|
||||
community is encouraging all to not rely on this directive
|
||||
as it's preferred to assume it's <emphasis>off</emphasis> and code
|
||||
accordingly.
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>
|
||||
<link linkend="ini.magic-quotes-gpc">magic_quotes_gpc</link> 組態指令會影響到 Get，Post 和 Cookie 的值。如果開啟此指令，(It's "PHP!") 的值將變成 (It\'s \"PHP!\")。此跳出工作在將字串插入資料庫前是必須要做的。請參考 <function>addslashes</function>，<function>stripslashes</function> 和 <link linkend="ini.magic-quotes-sybase">magic_quotes_sybase</link>。
|
||||
The <link linkend="ini.magic-quotes-gpc">magic_quotes_gpc</link>
|
||||
configuration directive affects Get, Post and Cookie values. If
|
||||
turned on, value (It's "PHP!") will automagically become (It\'s \"PHP!\").
|
||||
Escaping is needed for DB insertion. See also
|
||||
<function>addslashes</function>, <function>stripslashes</function> and
|
||||
<link linkend="ini.magic-quotes-sybase">magic_quotes_sybase</link>.
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
PHP 也懂得處理陳列式的表單變數〈請參觀相關的 <link linkend="faq.html">FAQ</link>〉。您可以將相關的變數歸類，或用此功能來取回多元選擇輸入表單的值。在下列範例中，我們將表單張貼到它自己，並在傳送後把資料顯示出來：
|
||||
|
||||
PHP also understands arrays in the context of form variables
|
||||
(see the <link linkend="faq.html">related faq</link>). You may,
|
||||
for example, group related variables together, or use this
|
||||
feature to retrieve values from a multiple select input. For
|
||||
example, let's post a form to itself and upon submission display
|
||||
the data:
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>
|
||||
<example>
|
||||
<title>更複雜的表單變數</title>
|
||||
<title>More complex form variables</title>
|
||||
<programlisting role="php">
|
||||
<![CDATA[
|
||||
<?php
|
||||
|
|
@ -685,14 +880,16 @@ if ($HTTP_POST_VARS['action'] == 'submitted') {
|
|||
</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>
|
||||
PHP 3 的陳列表單變數只可以使用一維陳列，而 PHP 4 則沒有此限制。
|
||||
In PHP 3, the array form variable usage is limited to
|
||||
single-dimensional arrays. In PHP 4, no such restriction applies.
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect3 id="language.variables.external.form.submit">
|
||||
<title>IMAGE SUBMIT 變數名稱</title>
|
||||
<title>IMAGE SUBMIT variable names</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
在傳送表單時，我們可以使用下列標籤將標準的提交鍵以圖像來取代：
|
||||
When submitting a form, it is possible to use an image instead
|
||||
of the standard submit button with a tag like:
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
|
||||
<informalexample>
|
||||
|
|
@ -704,7 +901,13 @@ if ($HTTP_POST_VARS['action'] == 'submitted') {
|
|||
</informalexample>
|
||||
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
當使用者在圖像的任何一處按一下，伴隨的表單就會傳送到伺服器，隨其而來還附加了兩個變數，sub_x 和 sub_y。這包含了使用者按在圖像的座標。有經驗的使用者或許知道由瀏覽器傳送來的變數名稱應該包含句號，而不是底線，但 PHP 自動地將句號轉換成為底線。
|
||||
When the user clicks somewhere on the image, the accompanying
|
||||
form will be transmitted to the server with two additional
|
||||
variables, sub_x and sub_y. These contain the coordinates of the
|
||||
user click within the image. The experienced may note that the
|
||||
actual variable names sent by the browser contains a period
|
||||
rather than an underscore, but PHP converts the period to an
|
||||
underscore automatically.
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
</sect3>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -714,12 +917,24 @@ if ($HTTP_POST_VARS['action'] == 'submitted') {
|
|||
<title>HTTP Cookies</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
PHP 絕對支援 <ulink
|
||||
url="&spec.cookies;">Netscape規格</ulink>的 HTTP cookies。Cookies 是用來將資料儲存在用戶端的瀏覽器中，以便日後追蹤或識別返回的使用者。您可以用 <function>setcookie()</function> 函數來設定 cookies。Cookies 是 HTTP header 的一部份，因此 SetCookie 函數一定要在任何資料傳送去瀏覽器前呼叫。這和 <function>header()</function> 函數有著相同的限定。Cookie 資料可以在 <varname>$_COOKIE</varname>，<varname>$HTTP_COOKIE_VARS</varname> 及 <varname>$_REQUEST</varname> 陳列中供使用。詳情和範例請參考手冊的 <function>setcookie()</function> 部份。
|
||||
PHP transparently supports HTTP cookies as defined by <ulink
|
||||
url="&spec.cookies;">Netscape's Spec</ulink>. Cookies are a
|
||||
mechanism for storing data in the remote browser and thus
|
||||
tracking or identifying return users. You can set cookies using
|
||||
the <function>setcookie</function> function. Cookies are part of
|
||||
the HTTP header, so the SetCookie function must be called before
|
||||
any output is sent to the browser. This is the same restriction
|
||||
as for the <function>header</function> function. Cookie data
|
||||
is then available in the appropriate cookie data arrays, such
|
||||
as <varname>$_COOKIE</varname>, <varname>$HTTP_COOKIE_VARS</varname>
|
||||
as well as in <varname>$_REQUEST</varname>. See the
|
||||
<function>setcookie</function> manual page for more details and
|
||||
examples.
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
若您要將多個值指派給一個 cookie 變數，那您就要使用陳列來指派了。範例：
|
||||
If you wish to assign multiple values to a single cookie variable, you
|
||||
may assign it as an array. For example:
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
|
||||
<informalexample>
|
||||
|
|
@ -734,15 +949,21 @@ if ($HTTP_POST_VARS['action'] == 'submitted') {
|
|||
</informalexample>
|
||||
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
這將會建立兩個個別的 cookies，儘管現在 MyCookie在您的程式中是一個單元陳列。如果您要以一個 cookie 建立多個值，那您可先對那些值使用 <function>serialize()</function> 或 <function>explode()</function> 函數。
|
||||
That will create two seperate cookies although MyCookie will now
|
||||
be a single array in your script. If you want to set just one cookie
|
||||
with multiple values, consider using <function>serialize</function> or
|
||||
<function>explode</function> on the value first.
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
|
||||
<simpara>
|
||||
有一點必須留意的是，一個 cookie 將會替代瀏覽器中另一個同名的 cookie，除非該 cookie 的路徑或網域名稱不同。所以，在設計購物車程式時，您最好保持一個計數器，並將此數據傳遞下去，即：
|
||||
Note that a cookie will replace a previous cookie by the same
|
||||
name in your browser unless the path or domain is different. So,
|
||||
for a shopping cart application you may want to keep a counter
|
||||
and pass this along. i.e.
|
||||
</simpara>
|
||||
|
||||
<example>
|
||||
<title>一個 <function>setcookie()</function> 的範例</title>
|
||||
<title>A <function>setcookie</function> example</title>
|
||||
<programlisting role="php">
|
||||
<![CDATA[
|
||||
<?php
|
||||
|
|
@ -757,11 +978,13 @@ setcookie("Cart[$count]", $item, time()+3600);
|
|||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2 id="language.variables.external.dot-in-names">
|
||||
<title>在變數名字中的句號 (dots)</title>
|
||||
<title>Dots in incoming variable names</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>
|
||||
一般上，PHP 並不會更改傳入程式的變數名稱。然而，您必須留意句號 (.) 並不是一個有效的 PHP 變數名稱字元，正如：
|
||||
|
||||
Typically, PHP does not alter the names of variables when they
|
||||
are passed into a script. However, it should be noted that the
|
||||
dot (period, full stop) is not a valid character in a PHP
|
||||
variable name. For the reason, look at it:
|
||||
<programlisting role="php">
|
||||
<![CDATA[
|
||||
<?php
|
||||
|
|
@ -769,20 +992,34 @@ $varname.ext; /* invalid variable name */
|
|||
?>
|
||||
]]>
|
||||
</programlisting>
|
||||
這時，剖析器見到的只是一個叫做 <varname>$varname</varname> 的變數，跟隨著字串連結運算子 (.)，再來是一個無引號的字串：ext。顯然地，這並不會帶來您想要的結果。
|
||||
Now, what the parser sees is a variable named
|
||||
<varname>$varname</varname>, followed by the string concatenation
|
||||
operator, followed by the barestring (i.e. unquoted string which
|
||||
doesn't match any known key or reserved words) 'ext'. Obviously,
|
||||
this doesn't have the intended result.
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>
|
||||
正因如此，PHP 會自動的將傳入的變數名稱中的句號 (.) 改為底線 (_)。
|
||||
For this reason, it is important to note that PHP will
|
||||
automatically replace any dots in incoming variable names with
|
||||
underscores.
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<sect2 id="language.variables.determining-type-of">
|
||||
<title>判定變數的類型</title>
|
||||
<title>Determining variable types</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>
|
||||
由於 PHP 會自行判斷變數的類型，並按需要轉變它們的類型，因此有時也難以明顯地判定一個變數在某個時刻的類型。有鑑於此，PHP 提供了幾個判定變數類型的函數：<function>gettype()</function>、<function>is_array()</function>、<function>is_float()</function>、<function>is_int()</function>、<function>is_object()</function> 及 <function>is_string()</function>。請參閱<link linkend="language.types">類型</link>一章。
|
||||
Because PHP determines the types of variables and converts them
|
||||
(generally) as needed, it is not always obvious what type a given
|
||||
variable is at any one time. PHP includes several functions
|
||||
which find out what type a variable is, such as:
|
||||
<function>gettype</function>, <function>is_array</function>,
|
||||
<function>is_float</function>, <function>is_int</function>,
|
||||
<function>is_object</function>, and
|
||||
<function>is_string</function>. See also the chapter on
|
||||
<link linkend="language.types">Types</link>.
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -809,4 +1046,4 @@ End:
|
|||
vim600: syn=xml fen fdm=syntax fdl=2 si
|
||||
vim: et tw=78 syn=sgml
|
||||
vi: ts=1 sw=1
|
||||
-->
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in a new issue