diff --git a/reference/array/functions/array-rand.xml b/reference/array/functions/array-rand.xml
index d30233328f..d2deaa5084 100644
--- a/reference/array/functions/array-rand.xml
+++ b/reference/array/functions/array-rand.xml
@@ -33,8 +33,7 @@
      <term><parameter>num_req</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       Specifies how many entries you want to pick - if not specified,
-       defaults to 1.
+       Specifies how many entries you want to pick.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/bzip2/functions/bzcompress.xml b/reference/bzip2/functions/bzcompress.xml
index f1bb7eb71e..ca2584f71e 100644
--- a/reference/bzip2/functions/bzcompress.xml
+++ b/reference/bzip2/functions/bzcompress.xml
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
       <para>
        Specifies the blocksize used during compression and should be a number 
        from 1 to 9 with 9 giving the best compression, but using more 
-       resources to do so. <parameter>blocksize</parameter> defaults to 4.
+       resources to do so.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/classobj/functions/class-exists.xml b/reference/classobj/functions/class-exists.xml
index 6a3ee403e2..918c10223c 100644
--- a/reference/classobj/functions/class-exists.xml
+++ b/reference/classobj/functions/class-exists.xml
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
      <term><parameter>autoload</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       Whether or not to call &link.autoload; by default. Defaults to &true;.
+       Whether or not to call &link.autoload; by default.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/datetime/datetime/construct.xml b/reference/datetime/datetime/construct.xml
index f897cb20e5..a39dcb20a9 100644
--- a/reference/datetime/datetime/construct.xml
+++ b/reference/datetime/datetime/construct.xml
@@ -27,8 +27,7 @@
      <term><parameter>time</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       String in a format accepted by <function>strtotime</function>, defaults
-       to "now".
+       String in a format accepted by <function>strtotime</function>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/datetime/datetime/diff.xml b/reference/datetime/datetime/diff.xml
index ad53121cd3..0f8989784f 100644
--- a/reference/datetime/datetime/diff.xml
+++ b/reference/datetime/datetime/diff.xml
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
   <methodsynopsis>
    <modifier>public</modifier> <type>DateInterval</type><methodname>DateTime::diff</methodname>
    <methodparam><type>DateTime</type><parameter>datetime</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>bool</type><parameter>absolute</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>bool</type><parameter>absolute</parameter><initializer>false</initializer></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <para>
    Returns the difference between two DateTime objects.
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
      <term><parameter>absolute</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       Whether to return absolute difference. Defaults to &false;.
+       Whether to return absolute difference.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/datetime/datetimezone/listidentifiers.xml b/reference/datetime/datetimezone/listidentifiers.xml
index f4d7ac9be0..07992a57af 100644
--- a/reference/datetime/datetimezone/listidentifiers.xml
+++ b/reference/datetime/datetimezone/listidentifiers.xml
@@ -28,8 +28,7 @@
      <term><parameter>what</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       One of <classname>DateTimeZone</classname> class constants, defaults to
-       <constant>DateTimeZone::ALL</constant>.
+       One of <classname>DateTimeZone</classname> class constants.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/datetime/functions/date-create.xml b/reference/datetime/functions/date-create.xml
index 694f6f365c..9f6f1cb567 100644
--- a/reference/datetime/functions/date-create.xml
+++ b/reference/datetime/functions/date-create.xml
@@ -23,8 +23,7 @@
      <term><parameter>time</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       String in a format accepted by <function>strtotime</function>, defaults
-       to "now".
+       String in a format accepted by <function>strtotime</function>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/errorfunc/functions/debug-backtrace.xml b/reference/errorfunc/functions/debug-backtrace.xml
index e7d14bb53a..ad2e3b6f87 100644
--- a/reference/errorfunc/functions/debug-backtrace.xml
+++ b/reference/errorfunc/functions/debug-backtrace.xml
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
      <term><parameter>provide_object</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       Whether or not to populate the "object" index. Defaults to &true;.
+       Whether or not to populate the "object" index.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/fbsql/functions/fbsql-connect.xml b/reference/fbsql/functions/fbsql-connect.xml
index 3c5b48cb8a..59794ef22c 100644
--- a/reference/fbsql/functions/fbsql-connect.xml
+++ b/reference/fbsql/functions/fbsql-connect.xml
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@
   &reftitle.description;
   <methodsynopsis>
    <type>resource</type><methodname>fbsql_connect</methodname>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>hostname</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>username</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>password</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>hostname</parameter><initializer>ini_get("fbsql.default_host")</initializer></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>username</parameter><initializer>ini_get("fbsql.default_user")</initializer></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>password</parameter><initializer>ini_get("fbsql.default_password")</initializer></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <para>
    <function>fbsql_connect</function> establishes a connection to a
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
      <term><parameter>hostname</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       The server host name. Defaults to '&null;'.
+       The server host name.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
@@ -47,8 +47,7 @@
      <term><parameter>username</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       The user name for the connection. Defaults to 
-       <literal>_SYSTEM</literal>.
+       The user name for the connection.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
@@ -56,7 +55,7 @@
      <term><parameter>password</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       The password for the connection. Defaults to the empty string.
+       The password for the connection.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/fbsql/functions/fbsql-pconnect.xml b/reference/fbsql/functions/fbsql-pconnect.xml
index bfd4c04150..4d24e7fefa 100644
--- a/reference/fbsql/functions/fbsql-pconnect.xml
+++ b/reference/fbsql/functions/fbsql-pconnect.xml
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@
   &reftitle.description;
   <methodsynopsis>
    <type>resource</type><methodname>fbsql_pconnect</methodname>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>hostname</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>username</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>password</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>hostname</parameter><initializer>ini_get("fbsql.default_host")</initializer></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>username</parameter><initializer>ini_get("fbsql.default_user")</initializer></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>password</parameter><initializer>ini_get("fbsql.default_password")</initializer></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <para>
    Establishes a persistent connection to a FrontBase server.
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
      <term><parameter>hostname</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       The server host name. Defaults to <literal>localhost</literal>.
+       The server host name.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
@@ -56,8 +56,7 @@
      <term><parameter>username</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       The user name for the connection. Defaults to 
-       <literal>_SYSTEM</literal>.
+       The user name for the connection.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
@@ -65,7 +64,7 @@
      <term><parameter>password</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       The password for the connection. Defaults to the empty string.
+       The password for the connection.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/filesystem/functions/clearstatcache.xml b/reference/filesystem/functions/clearstatcache.xml
index 61ef96bc97..47f9860945 100644
--- a/reference/filesystem/functions/clearstatcache.xml
+++ b/reference/filesystem/functions/clearstatcache.xml
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
      <term><parameter>clear_realpath_cache</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       Whenever to clear realpath cache or not (defaults to &false;).
+       Whenever to clear realpath cache or not.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/filesystem/functions/fgetcsv.xml b/reference/filesystem/functions/fgetcsv.xml
index 63e6d3f6ed..5f99c0185f 100644
--- a/reference/filesystem/functions/fgetcsv.xml
+++ b/reference/filesystem/functions/fgetcsv.xml
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@
    <type>array</type><methodname>fgetcsv</methodname>
    <methodparam><type>resource</type><parameter>handle</parameter></methodparam>
    <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>length</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>delimiter</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>enclosure</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>escape</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>delimiter</parameter><initializer>','</initializer></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>enclosure</parameter><initializer>'"'</initializer></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>escape</parameter><initializer>'\\'</initializer></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <para>
    Similar to <function>fgets</function> except that
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
      <term><parameter>delimiter</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       Set the field delimiter (one character only). Defaults as a comma.
+       Set the field delimiter (one character only).
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
@@ -62,8 +62,7 @@
      <term><parameter>enclosure</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       Set the field enclosure character (one character only). Defaults as a
-       double quotation mark.
+       Set the field enclosure character (one character only).
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
@@ -71,8 +70,7 @@
      <term><parameter>escape</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       Set the escape character (one character only). Defaults as a backslash
-       (<literal>\</literal>)
+       Set the escape character (one character only). Defaults as a backslash.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/filesystem/functions/fputcsv.xml b/reference/filesystem/functions/fputcsv.xml
index 941760b399..77928923fe 100644
--- a/reference/filesystem/functions/fputcsv.xml
+++ b/reference/filesystem/functions/fputcsv.xml
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@
    <type>int</type><methodname>fputcsv</methodname>
    <methodparam><type>resource</type><parameter>handle</parameter></methodparam>
    <methodparam><type>array</type><parameter>fields</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>delimiter</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>enclosure</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>delimiter</parameter><initializer>','</initializer></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>enclosure</parameter><initializer>'"'</initializer></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <para>
    <function>fputcsv</function> formats a line (passed as a
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
      <listitem>
       <para>
        The optional <parameter>delimiter</parameter> parameter sets the field
-       delimiter (one character only). Defaults as a comma: <literal>,</literal>.
+       delimiter (one character only).
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
@@ -54,8 +54,7 @@
      <listitem>
       <para>
        The optional <parameter>enclosure</parameter> parameter sets the field
-       enclosure (one character only) and defaults to a double quotation mark:
-       <literal>"</literal>.
+       enclosure (one character only).
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/filter/functions/filter-input.xml b/reference/filter/functions/filter-input.xml
index 8fa1d93f73..8eb5a4885b 100644
--- a/reference/filter/functions/filter-input.xml
+++ b/reference/filter/functions/filter-input.xml
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
      <term><parameter>filter</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       Filter to apply. Defaults to <constant>FILTER_DEFAULT</constant>.
+       Filter to apply.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/filter/functions/filter-var.xml b/reference/filter/functions/filter-var.xml
index 32e2efe0f0..ec1c3ef264 100644
--- a/reference/filter/functions/filter-var.xml
+++ b/reference/filter/functions/filter-var.xml
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@
      <listitem>
       <para>
        ID of a filter to use (see the <xref linkend="filter.filters" /> manual page).
-       Defaults to <constant>FILTER_DEFAULT</constant>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/gmagick/gmagick/levelimage.xml b/reference/gmagick/gmagick/levelimage.xml
index e4a6680993..4924c1eef5 100644
--- a/reference/gmagick/gmagick/levelimage.xml
+++ b/reference/gmagick/gmagick/levelimage.xml
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
       <para>
        Provide any channel constant that is valid for your channel mode. 
 To apply to more than one channel, combine channeltype constants using bitwise
- operators. Defaults to Gmagick::CHANNEL_ALL. Refer to this list of <link
+ operators. Refer to this list of <link
  linkend="gmagick.constants.channel">channel constants</link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
diff --git a/reference/gmp/functions/gmp-init.xml b/reference/gmp/functions/gmp-init.xml
index 70ac4ecdfc..5486dbcaca 100644
--- a/reference/gmp/functions/gmp-init.xml
+++ b/reference/gmp/functions/gmp-init.xml
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
      <term><parameter>base</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       The base. Defaults to 0.
+       The base.
       </para>
       <para>
        The base may vary from 2 to 36. If base is 0 (default value), the
diff --git a/reference/gmp/functions/gmp-random.xml b/reference/gmp/functions/gmp-random.xml
index 26b0d1c31b..1c06300ccd 100644
--- a/reference/gmp/functions/gmp-random.xml
+++ b/reference/gmp/functions/gmp-random.xml
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
      <term><parameter>limiter</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       The limiter. Defaults to 20.
+       The limiter.
       </para>
       &gmp.parameter; 
      </listitem>
diff --git a/reference/haru/harudoc/loadpng.xml b/reference/haru/harudoc/loadpng.xml
index d62aea68d4..fd341bb4b9 100644
--- a/reference/haru/harudoc/loadpng.xml
+++ b/reference/haru/harudoc/loadpng.xml
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
      <term><parameter>deferred</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       Do not load data immediately. Defaults to &false;.
+       Do not load data immediately.
        You can set <parameter>deferred</parameter> parameter to &true; for
        deferred data loading, in this case only size and color are loaded
        immediately. 
diff --git a/reference/haru/harudoc/loadttc.xml b/reference/haru/harudoc/loadttc.xml
index 456b204c93..6ea918e914 100644
--- a/reference/haru/harudoc/loadttc.xml
+++ b/reference/haru/harudoc/loadttc.xml
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
      <listitem>
       <para>
        When set to &true;, the glyph data of the font is embedded into the PDF
-       file, otherwise only the matrix data is included. Defaults to &false;.
+       file, otherwise only the matrix data is included.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/haru/harudoc/loadttf.xml b/reference/haru/harudoc/loadttf.xml
index 681185024a..14c0744939 100644
--- a/reference/haru/harudoc/loadttf.xml
+++ b/reference/haru/harudoc/loadttf.xml
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
      <listitem>
       <para>
        When set to &true;, the glyph data of the font is embedded into the PDF
-       file, otherwise only the matrix data is included. Defaults to &false;.
+       file, otherwise only the matrix data is included.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/haru/harufont/measuretext.xml b/reference/haru/harufont/measuretext.xml
index 15705c6914..9f6301fed6 100644
--- a/reference/haru/harufont/measuretext.xml
+++ b/reference/haru/harufont/measuretext.xml
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@
       <para>
        When this parameter is set to &true; the function "emulates" word
        wrapping and doesn't include the part of the current word if reached
-       the end of the area. Defaults to &false;.
+       the end of the area.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/haru/harupage/measuretext.xml b/reference/haru/harupage/measuretext.xml
index 3a90aca0e8..32e4a6b174 100644
--- a/reference/haru/harupage/measuretext.xml
+++ b/reference/haru/harupage/measuretext.xml
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
       <para>
        When this parameter is set to &true; the function "emulates" word
        wrapping and doesn't include the part of the current word if reached
-       the end of the area. Defaults to &false;.
+       the end of the area.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/haru/harupage/stroke.xml b/reference/haru/harupage/stroke.xml
index 8aeed3438b..00a6ae2a63 100644
--- a/reference/haru/harupage/stroke.xml
+++ b/reference/haru/harupage/stroke.xml
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
      <term><parameter>close_path</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       Closes the current path if set to &true;. Defaults to &false;. 
+       Closes the current path if set to &true;.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/imagick/imagick/combineimages.xml b/reference/imagick/imagick/combineimages.xml
index 3d414d2267..f65ac84393 100644
--- a/reference/imagick/imagick/combineimages.xml
+++ b/reference/imagick/imagick/combineimages.xml
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
       <para>
        Provide any channel constant that is valid for your channel mode. To
        apply to more than one channel, combine channeltype constants using
-       bitwise operators. Defaults to <constant>Imagick::CHANNEL_ALL</constant>. Refer to this
+       bitwise operators. Refer to this
        list of  <link linkend="imagick.constants.channel">channel constants</link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
diff --git a/reference/imagick/imagick/compareimagechannels.xml b/reference/imagick/imagick/compareimagechannels.xml
index fdcd3cb338..848a0d6667 100644
--- a/reference/imagick/imagick/compareimagechannels.xml
+++ b/reference/imagick/imagick/compareimagechannels.xml
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
       <para>
        Provide any channel constant that is valid for your channel mode. To
        apply to more than one channel, combine channeltype constants using
-       bitwise operators. Defaults to <constant>Imagick::CHANNEL_ALL</constant>. Refer to this
+       bitwise operators. Refer to this
        list of  <link linkend="imagick.constants.channel">channel constants</link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
diff --git a/reference/imagick/imagick/compositeimage.xml b/reference/imagick/imagick/compositeimage.xml
index e5bd483730..80bc6bd539 100644
--- a/reference/imagick/imagick/compositeimage.xml
+++ b/reference/imagick/imagick/compositeimage.xml
@@ -66,8 +66,7 @@
       <para>
        Provide any channel constant that is valid for your channel mode. To
        apply to more than one channel, combine channeltype constants using
-       bitwise operators. Defaults to <constant>Imagick::CHANNEL_ALL</constant>. Refer to this
-       list of  <link
+       bitwise operators. Refer to this list of <link
        linkend="imagick.constants.channel">channel constants</link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
diff --git a/reference/imagick/imagick/convolveimage.xml b/reference/imagick/imagick/convolveimage.xml
index 199798a918..273ee0687f 100644
--- a/reference/imagick/imagick/convolveimage.xml
+++ b/reference/imagick/imagick/convolveimage.xml
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
       <para>
        Provide any channel constant that is valid for your channel mode. To
        apply to more than one channel, combine channeltype constants using
-       bitwise operators. Defaults to <constant>Imagick::CHANNEL_ALL</constant>. Refer to this
+       bitwise operators. Refer to this
        list of  <link linkend="imagick.constants.channel">channel constants</link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
diff --git a/reference/imagick/imagick/evaluateimage.xml b/reference/imagick/imagick/evaluateimage.xml
index 05662c8f33..ce0543e7d2 100644
--- a/reference/imagick/imagick/evaluateimage.xml
+++ b/reference/imagick/imagick/evaluateimage.xml
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
       <para>
        Provide any channel constant that is valid for your channel mode. To
        apply to more than one channel, combine channeltype constants using
-       bitwise operators. Defaults to <constant>Imagick::CHANNEL_ALL</constant>. Refer to this
+       bitwise operators. Refer to this
        list of  <link linkend="imagick.constants.channel">channel constants</link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
diff --git a/reference/imagick/imagick/fximage.xml b/reference/imagick/imagick/fximage.xml
index 13d4ec3f15..23eb7cf9fe 100644
--- a/reference/imagick/imagick/fximage.xml
+++ b/reference/imagick/imagick/fximage.xml
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
       <para>
        Provide any channel constant that is valid for your channel mode. To
        apply to more than one channel, combine channeltype constants using
-       bitwise operators. Defaults to <constant>Imagick::CHANNEL_ALL</constant>. Refer to this
+       bitwise operators. Refer to this
        list of  <link linkend="imagick.constants.channel">channel constants</link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
diff --git a/reference/imagick/imagick/gammaimage.xml b/reference/imagick/imagick/gammaimage.xml
index 0576cd0bbd..42cd98275b 100644
--- a/reference/imagick/imagick/gammaimage.xml
+++ b/reference/imagick/imagick/gammaimage.xml
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
       <para>
        Provide any channel constant that is valid for your channel mode. To
        apply to more than one channel, combine channeltype constants using
-       bitwise operators. Defaults to <constant>Imagick::CHANNEL_ALL</constant>. Refer to this
+       bitwise operators. Refer to this
        list of  <link linkend="imagick.constants.channel">channel constants</link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
diff --git a/reference/imagick/imagick/gaussianblurimage.xml b/reference/imagick/imagick/gaussianblurimage.xml
index a0ed93f301..28e9117cbd 100644
--- a/reference/imagick/imagick/gaussianblurimage.xml
+++ b/reference/imagick/imagick/gaussianblurimage.xml
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
       <para>
        Provide any channel constant that is valid for your channel mode. To
        apply to more than one channel, combine channeltype constants using
-       bitwise operators. Defaults to <constant>Imagick::CHANNEL_ALL</constant>. Refer to this
+       bitwise operators. Refer to this
        list of  <link linkend="imagick.constants.channel">channel constants</link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
diff --git a/reference/imagick/imagick/getimagechanneldistortion.xml b/reference/imagick/imagick/getimagechanneldistortion.xml
index 7e45f3edec..bb17999b59 100644
--- a/reference/imagick/imagick/getimagechanneldistortion.xml
+++ b/reference/imagick/imagick/getimagechanneldistortion.xml
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
       <para>
        Provide any channel constant that is valid for your channel mode. To
        apply to more than one channel, combine channeltype constants using
-       bitwise operators. Defaults to <constant>Imagick::CHANNEL_ALL</constant>. Refer to this
+       bitwise operators. Refer to this
        list of  <link linkend="imagick.constants.channel">channel constants</link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
diff --git a/reference/imagick/imagick/getimagechannelextrema.xml b/reference/imagick/imagick/getimagechannelextrema.xml
index 5a3af7e12a..99a7cb6f2e 100644
--- a/reference/imagick/imagick/getimagechannelextrema.xml
+++ b/reference/imagick/imagick/getimagechannelextrema.xml
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
       <para>
        Provide any channel constant that is valid for your channel mode. To
        apply to more than one channel, combine channeltype constants using
-       bitwise operators. Defaults to <constant>Imagick::CHANNEL_ALL</constant>. Refer to this
+       bitwise operators. Refer to this
        list of  <link linkend="imagick.constants.channel">channel constants</link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
diff --git a/reference/imagick/imagick/getimagechannelmean.xml b/reference/imagick/imagick/getimagechannelmean.xml
index d58a0f424e..a078ff4529 100644
--- a/reference/imagick/imagick/getimagechannelmean.xml
+++ b/reference/imagick/imagick/getimagechannelmean.xml
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
       <para>
        Provide any channel constant that is valid for your channel mode. To
        apply to more than one channel, combine channeltype constants using
-       bitwise operators. Defaults to <constant>Imagick::CHANNEL_ALL</constant>. Refer to this
+       bitwise operators. Refer to this
        list of  <link linkend="imagick.constants.channel">channel constants</link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
diff --git a/reference/imagick/imagick/getimageprofiles.xml b/reference/imagick/imagick/getimageprofiles.xml
index 4473c43129..46cc97784c 100644
--- a/reference/imagick/imagick/getimageprofiles.xml
+++ b/reference/imagick/imagick/getimageprofiles.xml
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
      <term><parameter>pattern</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-      The pattern for profile names. Defaults to "*"
+      The pattern for profile names.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/imagick/imagick/getimageproperties.xml b/reference/imagick/imagick/getimageproperties.xml
index 522e020c5e..8fde8db48a 100644
--- a/reference/imagick/imagick/getimageproperties.xml
+++ b/reference/imagick/imagick/getimageproperties.xml
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
      <term><parameter>pattern</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-      The pattern for property names. Defaults to "*"
+      The pattern for property names.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/imagick/imagick/levelimage.xml b/reference/imagick/imagick/levelimage.xml
index 934b201750..4675c37581 100644
--- a/reference/imagick/imagick/levelimage.xml
+++ b/reference/imagick/imagick/levelimage.xml
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
       <para>
        Provide any channel constant that is valid for your channel mode. To
        apply to more than one channel, combine channeltype constants using
-       bitwise operators. Defaults to <constant>Imagick::CHANNEL_ALL</constant>. Refer to this
+       bitwise operators. Refer to this
        list of  <link linkend="imagick.constants.channel">channel constants</link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
diff --git a/reference/imagick/imagick/motionblurimage.xml b/reference/imagick/imagick/motionblurimage.xml
index 195cb2534d..5e333dd86b 100644
--- a/reference/imagick/imagick/motionblurimage.xml
+++ b/reference/imagick/imagick/motionblurimage.xml
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
       <para>
        Provide any channel constant that is valid for your channel mode. To
        apply to more than one channel, combine channeltype constants using
-       bitwise operators. Defaults to <constant>Imagick::CHANNEL_DEFAULT</constant>. Refer to this
+       bitwise operators. Refer to this
        list of <link linkend="imagick.constants.channel">channel constants</link>.
        The channel argument affects only if Imagick is compiled against ImageMagick version
        6.4.4 or greater.
diff --git a/reference/imagick/imagick/negateimage.xml b/reference/imagick/imagick/negateimage.xml
index 3e7a04cebe..61ec137aba 100644
--- a/reference/imagick/imagick/negateimage.xml
+++ b/reference/imagick/imagick/negateimage.xml
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
       <para>
        Provide any channel constant that is valid for your channel mode. To
        apply to more than one channel, combine channeltype constants using
-       bitwise operators. Defaults to <constant>Imagick::CHANNEL_ALL</constant>. Refer to this
+       bitwise operators. Refer to this
        list of <link linkend="imagick.constants.channel">channel constants</link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
diff --git a/reference/imagick/imagick/normalizeimage.xml b/reference/imagick/imagick/normalizeimage.xml
index dda4384e98..2402407cb7 100644
--- a/reference/imagick/imagick/normalizeimage.xml
+++ b/reference/imagick/imagick/normalizeimage.xml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
   &reftitle.description;
   <methodsynopsis>
    <type>bool</type><methodname>Imagick::normalizeImage</methodname>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>channel</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>channel</parameter><initializer>Imagick::CHANNEL_ALL</initializer></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
   &warn.undocumented.func;
   <para>
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
       <para>
        Provide any channel constant that is valid for your channel mode. To
        apply to more than one channel, combine channeltype constants using
-       bitwise operators. Defaults to <constant>Imagick::CHANNEL_ALL</constant>. Refer to this
+       bitwise operators. Refer to this
        list of <link linkend="imagick.constants.channel">channel constants</link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
diff --git a/reference/imagick/imagick/orderedposterizeimage.xml b/reference/imagick/imagick/orderedposterizeimage.xml
index 43b0ccf7bf..1efc06d138 100644
--- a/reference/imagick/imagick/orderedposterizeimage.xml
+++ b/reference/imagick/imagick/orderedposterizeimage.xml
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
       <para>
        Provide any channel constant that is valid for your channel mode. To
        apply to more than one channel, combine channeltype constants using
-       bitwise operators. Defaults to <constant>Imagick::CHANNEL_ALL</constant>. Refer to this
+       bitwise operators. Refer to this
        list of <link linkend="imagick.constants.channel">channel constants</link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
diff --git a/reference/imagick/imagick/paintopaqueimage.xml b/reference/imagick/imagick/paintopaqueimage.xml
index 0f7ef7691a..75a25bc8bb 100644
--- a/reference/imagick/imagick/paintopaqueimage.xml
+++ b/reference/imagick/imagick/paintopaqueimage.xml
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
       <para>
        Provide any channel constant that is valid for your channel mode. To
        apply to more than one channel, combine channeltype constants using
-       bitwise operators. Defaults to <constant>Imagick::CHANNEL_ALL</constant>. Refer to this
+       bitwise operators. Refer to this
        list of <link linkend="imagick.constants.channel">channel constants</link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
diff --git a/reference/imagick/imagick/randomthresholdimage.xml b/reference/imagick/imagick/randomthresholdimage.xml
index 9b554df1fb..fd5fb9e4f1 100644
--- a/reference/imagick/imagick/randomthresholdimage.xml
+++ b/reference/imagick/imagick/randomthresholdimage.xml
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
       <para>
        Provide any channel constant that is valid for your channel mode. To
        apply to more than one channel, combine channeltype constants using
-       bitwise operators. Defaults to <constant>Imagick::CHANNEL_ALL</constant>. Refer to this
+       bitwise operators. Refer to this
        list of  <link linkend="imagick.constants.channel">channel constants</link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
diff --git a/reference/imagick/imagick/resizeimage.xml b/reference/imagick/imagick/resizeimage.xml
index 71a1615bc5..d935649c03 100644
--- a/reference/imagick/imagick/resizeimage.xml
+++ b/reference/imagick/imagick/resizeimage.xml
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
      <term><parameter>bestfit</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       Optional fit parameter. Defaults to false.
+       Optional fit parameter.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/info/functions/phpcredits.xml b/reference/info/functions/phpcredits.xml
index e4b602df22..e703c424ad 100644
--- a/reference/info/functions/phpcredits.xml
+++ b/reference/info/functions/phpcredits.xml
@@ -28,8 +28,7 @@
      <listitem>
       <para>
        To generate a custom credits page, you may want to use the
-       <parameter>flag</parameter> parameter. <parameter>flag</parameter> is
-       optional, and it defaults to <constant>CREDITS_ALL</constant>.
+       <parameter>flag</parameter> parameter.
       </para>
       <para>
        <table>
diff --git a/reference/intl/normalizer/is-normalized.xml b/reference/intl/normalizer/is-normalized.xml
index 1628a181a2..312330baff 100644
--- a/reference/intl/normalizer/is-normalized.xml
+++ b/reference/intl/normalizer/is-normalized.xml
@@ -19,14 +19,14 @@
     <type>bool</type>
     <methodname>Normalizer::isNormalized</methodname>
     <methodparam><type>string</type><parameter>input</parameter></methodparam>
-    <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>form</parameter></methodparam>
+    <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>form</parameter><initializer>Normalizer::FORM_C</initializer></methodparam>
    </methodsynopsis>
   <para>Procedural style</para>
   <methodsynopsis>
    <type>bool</type>
    <methodname>normalizer_is_normalized</methodname>
    <methodparam><type>string</type><parameter>input</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>form</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>form</parameter><initializer>Normalizer::FORM_C</initializer></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <para>
    Checks if the provided string is already in the specified normalization
@@ -47,8 +47,9 @@
     <varlistentry>
      <term><parameter>form</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
-      <para>One of the normalization forms.
-       Defaults to <constant>Normalizer::FORM_C</constant>.</para>
+      <para>
+       One of the normalization forms.
+      </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
diff --git a/reference/json/functions/json-encode.xml b/reference/json/functions/json-encode.xml
index 9423c2f5e0..49fded4c4e 100644
--- a/reference/json/functions/json-encode.xml
+++ b/reference/json/functions/json-encode.xml
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
        <constant>JSON_HEX_TAG</constant>,
        <constant>JSON_HEX_AMP</constant>,
        <constant>JSON_HEX_APOS</constant>,
-       <constant>JSON_FORCE_OBJECT</constant>. Defaults to 0.
+       <constant>JSON_FORCE_OBJECT</constant>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/ldap/functions/ldap-connect.xml b/reference/ldap/functions/ldap-connect.xml
index 13fd45f202..97daa9ed53 100644
--- a/reference/ldap/functions/ldap-connect.xml
+++ b/reference/ldap/functions/ldap-connect.xml
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
      <term><parameter>port</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       The port to connect to. Not used when using URLs. Defaults to 389.
+       The port to connect to. Not used when using URLs.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/libxml/functions/libxml-use-internal-errors.xml b/reference/libxml/functions/libxml-use-internal-errors.xml
index 23f9f433c3..c3201e8d9b 100644
--- a/reference/libxml/functions/libxml-use-internal-errors.xml
+++ b/reference/libxml/functions/libxml-use-internal-errors.xml
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
      <term><parameter>use_errors</parameter></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
-        Whether to enable user error handling. Defaults to &false;.
+        Whether to enable user error handling.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/math/functions/round.xml b/reference/math/functions/round.xml
index e28bf70822..b69485ac40 100644
--- a/reference/math/functions/round.xml
+++ b/reference/math/functions/round.xml
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@
      <term><parameter>precision</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       The optional number of decimal digits to round to, defaults to 0
+       The optional number of decimal digits to round to.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/mbstring/functions/mb-ereg-search-init.xml b/reference/mbstring/functions/mb-ereg-search-init.xml
index f9c842e006..17a8de500d 100644
--- a/reference/mbstring/functions/mb-ereg-search-init.xml
+++ b/reference/mbstring/functions/mb-ereg-search-init.xml
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
      <term><parameter>option</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       The search option. Defaults to 'ms'.
+       The search option.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/mbstring/functions/mb-ereg-search-pos.xml b/reference/mbstring/functions/mb-ereg-search-pos.xml
index cb3126b950..140557ffe0 100644
--- a/reference/mbstring/functions/mb-ereg-search-pos.xml
+++ b/reference/mbstring/functions/mb-ereg-search-pos.xml
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
      <term><parameter>option</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       The search option. Defaults to 'ms'.
+       The search option.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/mbstring/functions/mb-ereg-search-regs.xml b/reference/mbstring/functions/mb-ereg-search-regs.xml
index 8c19c076d3..282894163f 100644
--- a/reference/mbstring/functions/mb-ereg-search-regs.xml
+++ b/reference/mbstring/functions/mb-ereg-search-regs.xml
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
      <term><parameter>option</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       The search option. Defaults to 'ms'.
+       The search option.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/mbstring/functions/mb-ereg-search.xml b/reference/mbstring/functions/mb-ereg-search.xml
index 41e4a1b436..629df14db3 100644
--- a/reference/mbstring/functions/mb-ereg-search.xml
+++ b/reference/mbstring/functions/mb-ereg-search.xml
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
      <term><parameter>option</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       The search option. Defaults to 'ms'.
+       The search option.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/memcache/functions/memcache-decrement.xml b/reference/memcache/functions/memcache-decrement.xml
index 0f067865af..c1df1abccf 100644
--- a/reference/memcache/functions/memcache-decrement.xml
+++ b/reference/memcache/functions/memcache-decrement.xml
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
   <methodsynopsis>
    <type>int</type><methodname>Memcache::decrement</methodname>
    <methodparam><type>string</type><parameter>key</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>value</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>value</parameter><initializer>1</initializer></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
 
   <para>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
      <term><parameter>value</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       Decrement the item by <parameter>value</parameter>. Optional and defaults to 1.
+       Decrement the item by <parameter>value</parameter>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/memcache/functions/memcache-increment.xml b/reference/memcache/functions/memcache-increment.xml
index 39c09dca48..ef746b7548 100644
--- a/reference/memcache/functions/memcache-increment.xml
+++ b/reference/memcache/functions/memcache-increment.xml
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
   <methodsynopsis>
    <type>int</type><methodname>Memcache::increment</methodname>
    <methodparam><type>string</type><parameter>key</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>value</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>value</parameter><initializer>1</initializer></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
 
   <para>
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
      <term><parameter>value</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       Increment the item by <parameter>value</parameter>. Optional and defaults to 1.
+       Increment the item by <parameter>value</parameter>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/memcached/memcached/decrement.xml b/reference/memcached/memcached/decrement.xml
index 591bb22bb3..7fff3bee75 100644
--- a/reference/memcached/memcached/decrement.xml
+++ b/reference/memcached/memcached/decrement.xml
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
   <methodsynopsis>
    <modifier>public</modifier> <type>int</type><methodname>Memcached::decrement</methodname>
    <methodparam><type>string</type><parameter>key</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>offset</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>offset</parameter><initializer>1</initializer></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <para>
    <function>Memcached::decrement</function> decrements a numeric item's value
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
      <term><parameter>offset</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       The amount by which to decrement the item's value; defaults to 1.
+       The amount by which to decrement the item's value.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/memcached/memcached/delete.xml b/reference/memcached/memcached/delete.xml
index a89ebee356..a0cff0b019 100644
--- a/reference/memcached/memcached/delete.xml
+++ b/reference/memcached/memcached/delete.xml
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
   <methodsynopsis>
    <modifier>public</modifier> <type>bool</type><methodname>Memcached::delete</methodname>
    <methodparam><type>string</type><parameter>key</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>time</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>time</parameter><initializer>0</initializer></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <para>
    <function>Memcached::delete</function> deletes the
@@ -47,8 +47,7 @@
      <term><parameter>time</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       The amount of time the server will wait to delete the item. Defaults to
-       <literal>0</literal>.
+       The amount of time the server will wait to delete the item.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/memcached/memcached/deletebykey.xml b/reference/memcached/memcached/deletebykey.xml
index 39a19aba5e..77330b0897 100644
--- a/reference/memcached/memcached/deletebykey.xml
+++ b/reference/memcached/memcached/deletebykey.xml
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
    <modifier>public</modifier> <type>bool</type><methodname>Memcached::deleteByKey</methodname>
    <methodparam><type>string</type><parameter>server_key</parameter></methodparam>
    <methodparam><type>string</type><parameter>key</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>time</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>time</parameter><initializer>0</initializer></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <para>
    <function>Memcached::deleteByKey</function> is functionally equivalent to
@@ -47,8 +47,7 @@
      <term><parameter>time</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       The amount of time the server will wait to delete the item. Defaults to
-       <literal>0</literal>.
+       The amount of time the server will wait to delete the item.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/memcached/memcached/increment.xml b/reference/memcached/memcached/increment.xml
index cd0c329113..d39a74f28d 100644
--- a/reference/memcached/memcached/increment.xml
+++ b/reference/memcached/memcached/increment.xml
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
   <methodsynopsis>
    <modifier>public</modifier> <type>int</type><methodname>Memcached::increment</methodname>
    <methodparam><type>string</type><parameter>key</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>offset</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>offset</parameter><initializer>1</initializer></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <para>
    <function>Memcached::increment</function> increments a numeric item's value
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
      <term><parameter>offset</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       The amount by which to increment the item's value; defaults to 1.
+       The amount by which to increment the item's value.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/mssql/functions/mssql-guid-string.xml b/reference/mssql/functions/mssql-guid-string.xml
index cb54f60f13..3f362ad852 100644
--- a/reference/mssql/functions/mssql-guid-string.xml
+++ b/reference/mssql/functions/mssql-guid-string.xml
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
      <term><parameter>short_format</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       Whenever to use short to use short format, defaults to &false;
+       Whenever to use short to use short format.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/mysqli/mysqli_result/fetch-all.xml b/reference/mysqli/mysqli_result/fetch-all.xml
index d07afdeb2e..a0a60f6070 100644
--- a/reference/mysqli/mysqli_result/fetch-all.xml
+++ b/reference/mysqli/mysqli_result/fetch-all.xml
@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@
   <para>Object oriented style (method):</para>
   <methodsynopsis>
    <type>mixed</type><methodname>mysqli_result::fetch_all</methodname>
-   <methodparam choice='opt'><type>int</type><parameter>resulttype</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice='opt'><type>int</type><parameter>resulttype</parameter><initializer>MYSQLI_NUM</initializer></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <para>Procedural style:</para>
   <methodsynopsis>
    <type>mixed</type><methodname>mysqli_fetch_all</methodname>
    <methodparam><type>mysqli_result</type><parameter>result</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice='opt'><type>int</type><parameter>resulttype</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice='opt'><type>int</type><parameter>resulttype</parameter><initializer>MYSQLI_NUM</initializer></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <para>
    <function>mysqli_fetch_all</function> fetches all result rows and returns the result 
@@ -39,7 +39,6 @@
        should be produced from the current row data. The possible values for
        this parameter are the constants <constant>MYSQLI_ASSOC</constant>,
        <constant>MYSQLI_NUM</constant>, or <constant>MYSQLI_BOTH</constant>.
-       Defaults to <constant>MYSQLI_NUM</constant>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/mysqli/mysqli_result/fetch-array.xml b/reference/mysqli/mysqli_result/fetch-array.xml
index a8044cd298..012dfea7e7 100644
--- a/reference/mysqli/mysqli_result/fetch-array.xml
+++ b/reference/mysqli/mysqli_result/fetch-array.xml
@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@
   <para>Object oriented style (method):</para>
   <methodsynopsis>
    <type>mixed</type><methodname>mysqli_result::fetch_array</methodname>
-   <methodparam choice='opt'><type>int</type><parameter>resulttype</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice='opt'><type>int</type><parameter>resulttype</parameter><initializer>MYSQLI_BOTH</initializer></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <para>Procedural style:</para>
   <methodsynopsis>
    <type>mixed</type><methodname>mysqli_fetch_array</methodname>
    <methodparam><type>mysqli_result</type><parameter>result</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice='opt'><type>int</type><parameter>resulttype</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice='opt'><type>int</type><parameter>resulttype</parameter><initializer>MYSQLI_BOTH</initializer></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <para>
    Returns an array that corresponds to the fetched row or &null; if there
@@ -55,7 +55,6 @@
        should be produced from the current row data. The possible values for
        this parameter are the constants <constant>MYSQLI_ASSOC</constant>,
        <constant>MYSQLI_NUM</constant>, or <constant>MYSQLI_BOTH</constant>.
-       Defaults to <constant>MYSQLI_BOTH</constant>.
       </para>
       <para>
        By using the <constant>MYSQLI_ASSOC</constant> constant this function
diff --git a/reference/openssl/functions/openssl-pkcs7-sign.xml b/reference/openssl/functions/openssl-pkcs7-sign.xml
index df21a41871..8e4bce5a72 100644
--- a/reference/openssl/functions/openssl-pkcs7-sign.xml
+++ b/reference/openssl/functions/openssl-pkcs7-sign.xml
@@ -75,8 +75,7 @@
      <listitem>
       <para>
        <parameter>flags</parameter> can be used to alter the output - see <link
-       linkend="openssl.pkcs7.flags">PKCS7 constants</link> - if not specified,
-       it defaults to PKCS7_DETACHED.
+       linkend="openssl.pkcs7.flags">PKCS7 constants</link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/openssl/functions/openssl-private-decrypt.xml b/reference/openssl/functions/openssl-private-decrypt.xml
index 1fb48699ea..78cb3b9fb9 100644
--- a/reference/openssl/functions/openssl-private-decrypt.xml
+++ b/reference/openssl/functions/openssl-private-decrypt.xml
@@ -58,8 +58,8 @@
      <term><parameter>padding</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       <parameter>padding</parameter> defaults to
-       <constant>OPENSSL_PKCS1_PADDING</constant>, but can also be one of
+       <parameter>padding</parameter> can be one of
+       <constant>OPENSSL_PKCS1_PADDING</constant>,
        <constant>OPENSSL_SSLV23_PADDING</constant>,
        <constant>OPENSSL_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING</constant>,
        <constant>OPENSSL_NO_PADDING</constant>.
diff --git a/reference/openssl/functions/openssl-private-encrypt.xml b/reference/openssl/functions/openssl-private-encrypt.xml
index 46b2f88aea..9e770c0fd3 100644
--- a/reference/openssl/functions/openssl-private-encrypt.xml
+++ b/reference/openssl/functions/openssl-private-encrypt.xml
@@ -56,8 +56,8 @@
      <term><parameter>padding</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       <parameter>padding</parameter> defaults to 
-       <constant>OPENSSL_PKCS1_PADDING</constant>, but can also be
+       <parameter>padding</parameter> can be one of
+       <constant>OPENSSL_PKCS1_PADDING</constant>,
        <constant>OPENSSL_NO_PADDING</constant>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
diff --git a/reference/openssl/functions/openssl-public-decrypt.xml b/reference/openssl/functions/openssl-public-decrypt.xml
index 0bca9c94b1..8cf8341b87 100644
--- a/reference/openssl/functions/openssl-public-decrypt.xml
+++ b/reference/openssl/functions/openssl-public-decrypt.xml
@@ -58,8 +58,8 @@
      <term><parameter>padding</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       <parameter>padding</parameter> defaults to
-       <constant>OPENSSL_PKCS1_PADDING</constant>, but can also be
+       <parameter>padding</parameter> can be one of
+       <constant>OPENSSL_PKCS1_PADDING</constant>,
        <constant>OPENSSL_NO_PADDING</constant>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
diff --git a/reference/openssl/functions/openssl-public-encrypt.xml b/reference/openssl/functions/openssl-public-encrypt.xml
index f4422b30f1..408706c0fb 100644
--- a/reference/openssl/functions/openssl-public-encrypt.xml
+++ b/reference/openssl/functions/openssl-public-encrypt.xml
@@ -59,8 +59,8 @@
      <term><parameter>padding</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       <parameter>padding</parameter> defaults to 
-       <constant>OPENSSL_PKCS1_PADDING</constant>, but can also be one of 
+       <parameter>padding</parameter> can be one of
+       <constant>OPENSSL_PKCS1_PADDING</constant>,
        <constant>OPENSSL_SSLV23_PADDING</constant>,
        <constant>OPENSSL_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING</constant>,
        <constant>OPENSSL_NO_PADDING</constant>.
diff --git a/reference/openssl/functions/openssl-sign.xml b/reference/openssl/functions/openssl-sign.xml
index deea76633e..221f0d30ec 100644
--- a/reference/openssl/functions/openssl-sign.xml
+++ b/reference/openssl/functions/openssl-sign.xml
@@ -55,8 +55,7 @@
      <term><parameter>signature_alg</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       Defaults to <constant>OPENSSL_ALGO_SHA1</constant>. For more
-       information see the list of <link
+       For more information see the list of <link
        linkend="openssl.signature-algos">Signature Algorithms</link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
diff --git a/reference/openssl/functions/openssl-verify.xml b/reference/openssl/functions/openssl-verify.xml
index e4fa62611e..485603ccd7 100644
--- a/reference/openssl/functions/openssl-verify.xml
+++ b/reference/openssl/functions/openssl-verify.xml
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
    <methodparam><type>string</type><parameter>data</parameter></methodparam>
    <methodparam><type>string</type><parameter>signature</parameter></methodparam>
    <methodparam><type>mixed</type><parameter>pub_key_id</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>signature_alg</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>signature_alg</parameter><initializer>OPENSSL_ALGO_SHA1</initializer></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <para>
    <function>openssl_verify</function> verifies that the
@@ -53,8 +53,7 @@
      <term><parameter>signature_alg</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       Defaults to <constant>OPENSSL_ALGO_SHA1</constant>. For more
-       information see the list of <link
+       For more information see the list of <link
        linkend="openssl.signature-algos">Signature Algorithms</link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
diff --git a/reference/openssl/functions/openssl-x509-checkpurpose.xml b/reference/openssl/functions/openssl-x509-checkpurpose.xml
index bfad8b26e2..ab9be35fef 100644
--- a/reference/openssl/functions/openssl-x509-checkpurpose.xml
+++ b/reference/openssl/functions/openssl-x509-checkpurpose.xml
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
    <type>int</type><methodname>openssl_x509_checkpurpose</methodname>
    <methodparam><type>mixed</type><parameter>x509cert</parameter></methodparam>
    <methodparam><type>int</type><parameter>purpose</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>array</type><parameter>cainfo</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>array</type><parameter>cainfo</parameter><initializer>array()</initializer></methodparam>
    <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>untrustedfile</parameter></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <para>
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
       <para>
        <parameter>cainfo</parameter> should be an array of trusted CA files/dirs
        as described in <link linkend="openssl.cert.verification">Certificate
-       Verification</link>. It defaults to an empty array.
+       Verification</link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/outcontrol/functions/ob-implicit-flush.xml b/reference/outcontrol/functions/ob-implicit-flush.xml
index aaaeecb94c..f699fb05ad 100644
--- a/reference/outcontrol/functions/ob-implicit-flush.xml
+++ b/reference/outcontrol/functions/ob-implicit-flush.xml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
   &reftitle.description;
   <methodsynopsis>
    <type>void</type><methodname>ob_implicit_flush</methodname>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>flag</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>flag</parameter><initializer>true</initializer></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <para>
    <function>ob_implicit_flush</function> will turn implicit flushing on or
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@
      <listitem>
       <para>
        &true; to turn implicit flushing on, &false; otherwise.
-       Defaults to &true;.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/pcntl/functions/pcntl-signal.xml b/reference/pcntl/functions/pcntl-signal.xml
index 9e22c969e8..150555322d 100644
--- a/reference/pcntl/functions/pcntl-signal.xml
+++ b/reference/pcntl/functions/pcntl-signal.xml
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies whether system call restarting should be used when this
-       signal arrives and defaults to &true;.
+       signal arrives.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/pdo/pdostatement/bindparam.xml b/reference/pdo/pdostatement/bindparam.xml
index d41dfb101f..753032d032 100644
--- a/reference/pdo/pdostatement/bindparam.xml
+++ b/reference/pdo/pdostatement/bindparam.xml
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
    <type>bool</type><methodname>PDOStatement::bindParam</methodname>
    <methodparam><type>mixed</type><parameter>parameter</parameter></methodparam>
    <methodparam><type>mixed</type><parameter role="reference">variable</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>data_type</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>data_type</parameter><initializer>PDO::PARAM_STR</initializer></methodparam>
    <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>length</parameter></methodparam>
    <methodparam choice="opt"><type>mixed</type><parameter>driver_options</parameter></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
@@ -64,7 +64,6 @@
        <para>
         Explicit data type for the parameter using the PDO::PARAM_*
         constants.
-        Defaults to <constant>PDO::PARAM_STR</constant>.
         To return an INOUT parameter from a stored procedure, 
         use the bitwise OR operator to set the PDO::PARAM_INPUT_OUTPUT bits
         for the <parameter>data_type</parameter> parameter.
diff --git a/reference/pdo/pdostatement/bindvalue.xml b/reference/pdo/pdostatement/bindvalue.xml
index 5d04017a55..ee0fcde1b6 100644
--- a/reference/pdo/pdostatement/bindvalue.xml
+++ b/reference/pdo/pdostatement/bindvalue.xml
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
    <type>bool</type><methodname>PDOStatement::bindValue</methodname>
    <methodparam><type>mixed</type><parameter>parameter</parameter></methodparam>
    <methodparam><type>mixed</type><parameter>value</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>data_type</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>data_type</parameter><initializer>PDO::PARAM_STR</initializer></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <para>
    Binds a value to a corresponding named or question mark placeholder
@@ -51,7 +51,6 @@
        <para>
         Explicit data type for the parameter using the PDO::PARAM_*
         constants.
-        Defaults to <constant>PDO::PARAM_STR</constant>.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/pdo/pdostatement/fetchall.xml b/reference/pdo/pdostatement/fetchall.xml
index e6ad0d44ac..1aeb929cde 100644
--- a/reference/pdo/pdostatement/fetchall.xml
+++ b/reference/pdo/pdostatement/fetchall.xml
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
   <methodsynopsis>
    <type>array</type><methodname>PDOStatement::fetchAll</methodname>
    <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>fetch_style</parameter><initializer>PDO::FETCH_BOTH</initializer></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>column_index</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>column_index</parameter><initializer>0</initializer></methodparam>
    <methodparam choice="opt"><type>array</type><parameter>ctor_args</parameter><initializer>array()</initializer></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
 
@@ -27,8 +27,7 @@
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Controls the contents of the returned array as documented in
-       <function>PDOStatement::fetch</function>. Defaults to
-       <literal>PDO::FETCH_BOTH</literal>.
+       <function>PDOStatement::fetch</function>.
       </para>
       <para>
        To return an array consisting of all values of a single column from
@@ -54,7 +53,7 @@
       <para>
        Returns the indicated 0-indexed column when the value of
        <parameter>fetch_style</parameter> is
-       <literal>PDO::FETCH_COLUMN</literal>. Defaults to <literal>0</literal>.
+       <literal>PDO::FETCH_COLUMN</literal>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/pdo/pdostatement/fetchobject.xml b/reference/pdo/pdostatement/fetchobject.xml
index 2da7370bb9..2eaf98819e 100644
--- a/reference/pdo/pdostatement/fetchobject.xml
+++ b/reference/pdo/pdostatement/fetchobject.xml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
   &reftitle.description;
   <methodsynopsis>
    <type>mixed</type><methodname>PDOStatement::fetchObject</methodname>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>class_name</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>class_name</parameter><initializer>"stdClass"</initializer></methodparam>
    <methodparam choice="opt"><type>array</type><parameter>ctor_args</parameter></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
      <term><parameter>class_name</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       Name of the created class, defaults to <literal>stdClass</literal>.
+       Name of the created class.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/pgsql/functions/pg-fetch-object.xml b/reference/pgsql/functions/pg-fetch-object.xml
index e4bb6ababa..6b105e69dc 100644
--- a/reference/pgsql/functions/pg-fetch-object.xml
+++ b/reference/pgsql/functions/pg-fetch-object.xml
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
    <type>object</type><methodname>pg_fetch_object</methodname>
    <methodparam><type>resource</type><parameter>result</parameter></methodparam>
    <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>row</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>result_type</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>result_type</parameter><initializer>PGSQL_ASSOC</initializer></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <methodsynopsis>
    <type>object</type><methodname>pg_fetch_object</methodname>
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
      <term><parameter>result_type</parameter></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
-        Ignored and deprecated.  Defaults to <constant>PGSQL_ASSOC</constant>.
+        Ignored and deprecated.
        </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/pgsql/functions/pg-lo-read.xml b/reference/pgsql/functions/pg-lo-read.xml
index 2c51f9938e..5c3a5b0d9d 100644
--- a/reference/pgsql/functions/pg-lo-read.xml
+++ b/reference/pgsql/functions/pg-lo-read.xml
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
   <methodsynopsis>
    <type>string</type><methodname>pg_lo_read</methodname>
    <methodparam><type>resource</type><parameter>large_object</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>len</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>len</parameter><initializer>8192</initializer></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <para>
    <function>pg_lo_read</function> reads at most
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
      <term><parameter>len</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       An optional maximum number of bytes to return.  Defaults to 8192.
+       An optional maximum number of bytes to return.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/pgsql/functions/pg-trace.xml b/reference/pgsql/functions/pg-trace.xml
index 8f9f679ce9..6010807a57 100644
--- a/reference/pgsql/functions/pg-trace.xml
+++ b/reference/pgsql/functions/pg-trace.xml
@@ -48,7 +48,6 @@
      <listitem>
       <para>
        An optional file access mode, same as for <function>fopen</function>.
-       Defaults to "w".
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/phar/Phar/webPhar.xml b/reference/phar/Phar/webPhar.xml
index db4a753c87..a4d580dba1 100644
--- a/reference/phar/Phar/webPhar.xml
+++ b/reference/phar/Phar/webPhar.xml
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
   <methodsynopsis>
    <type>void</type><methodname>Phar::webPhar</methodname>
    <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>alias</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>index</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>index</parameter><initializer>"index.php"</initializer></methodparam>
    <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>f404</parameter></methodparam>
    <methodparam choice="opt"><type>array</type><parameter>mimetypes</parameter></methodparam>
    <methodparam choice="opt"><type>array</type><parameter>rewrites</parameter></methodparam>
@@ -50,8 +50,7 @@
      <term><parameter>index</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       The location within the phar of the directory index, defaults to
-       <literal>index.php</literal>.
+       The location within the phar of the directory index.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/posix/functions/posix-access.xml b/reference/posix/functions/posix-access.xml
index 91c82c2303..f4a1211d83 100644
--- a/reference/posix/functions/posix-access.xml
+++ b/reference/posix/functions/posix-access.xml
@@ -37,8 +37,7 @@
        <para>
         A mask consisting of one or more of <constant>POSIX_F_OK</constant>,
         <constant>POSIX_R_OK</constant>, <constant>POSIX_W_OK</constant> and
-        <constant>POSIX_X_OK</constant>. Defaults to
-        <constant>POSIX_F_OK</constant>.
+        <constant>POSIX_X_OK</constant>.
        </para>
        <para>
         <constant>POSIX_R_OK</constant>, <constant>POSIX_W_OK</constant> and
diff --git a/reference/posix/functions/posix-mknod.xml b/reference/posix/functions/posix-mknod.xml
index 2ba8585918..1e154c8f79 100644
--- a/reference/posix/functions/posix-mknod.xml
+++ b/reference/posix/functions/posix-mknod.xml
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
      <term><parameter>minor</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       The minor device kernel identifier (defaults to 0).
+       The minor device kernel identifier.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/sem/functions/msg-receive.xml b/reference/sem/functions/msg-receive.xml
index f0fc7abfbf..845a92bbf0 100644
--- a/reference/sem/functions/msg-receive.xml
+++ b/reference/sem/functions/msg-receive.xml
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
    <methodparam><type>int</type><parameter role="reference">msgtype</parameter></methodparam>
    <methodparam><type>int</type><parameter>maxsize</parameter></methodparam>
    <methodparam><type>mixed</type><parameter role="reference">message</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>bool</type><parameter>unserialize</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>bool</type><parameter>unserialize</parameter><initializer>true</initializer></methodparam>
    <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>flags</parameter></methodparam>
    <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter role="reference">errorcode</parameter></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@
      <term><parameter>unserialize</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       <parameter>unserialize</parameter> defaults to &true;; if it is set to
+       If set to
        &true;, the message is treated as though it was serialized using the
        same mechanism as the session module. The message will be unserialized
        and then returned to your script. This allows you to easily receive
diff --git a/reference/sem/functions/sem-get.xml b/reference/sem/functions/sem-get.xml
index fa30fd892b..3638aa50a6 100644
--- a/reference/sem/functions/sem-get.xml
+++ b/reference/sem/functions/sem-get.xml
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@
   <methodsynopsis>
    <type>resource</type><methodname>sem_get</methodname>
    <methodparam><type>int</type><parameter>key</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>max_acquire</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>perm</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>max_acquire</parameter><initializer>1</initializer></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>perm</parameter><initializer>0666</initializer></methodparam>
    <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>auto_release</parameter></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <para>
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
      <listitem>
       <para>
        The number of processes that can acquire the semaphore simultaneously
-       is set to <parameter>max_acquire</parameter> (defaults to 1).
+       is set to <parameter>max_acquire</parameter>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
      <term><parameter>perm</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       The semaphore permissions. Defaults to 0666. Actually this value is
+       The semaphore permissions. Actually this value is
        set only if the process finds it is the only process currently
        attached to the semaphore.
       </para>
diff --git a/reference/session/functions/session-regenerate-id.xml b/reference/session/functions/session-regenerate-id.xml
index 3374eb4484..4aa40fe74d 100644
--- a/reference/session/functions/session-regenerate-id.xml
+++ b/reference/session/functions/session-regenerate-id.xml
@@ -28,8 +28,7 @@
      <term><parameter>delete_old_session</parameter></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
-        Whether to delete the old associated session file or not. Defaults to
-        &false;.
+        Whether to delete the old associated session file or not.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/sphinx/sphinxclient/setfilter.xml b/reference/sphinx/sphinxclient/setfilter.xml
index f97432b6ea..7f8591008a 100644
--- a/reference/sphinx/sphinxclient/setfilter.xml
+++ b/reference/sphinx/sphinxclient/setfilter.xml
@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@
      <listitem>
       <para>
        If set to &true;, matching documents are excluded from the result set.
-       Defaults to &false;.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/sphinx/sphinxclient/setfilterfloatrange.xml b/reference/sphinx/sphinxclient/setfilterfloatrange.xml
index 795f6620c6..45536b6e9e 100644
--- a/reference/sphinx/sphinxclient/setfilterfloatrange.xml
+++ b/reference/sphinx/sphinxclient/setfilterfloatrange.xml
@@ -59,7 +59,6 @@
      <listitem>
       <para>
        If set to &true;, matching documents are excluded from the result set.
-       Defaults to &false;.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/sphinx/sphinxclient/setfilterrange.xml b/reference/sphinx/sphinxclient/setfilterrange.xml
index cf20d357bc..82e8df7672 100644
--- a/reference/sphinx/sphinxclient/setfilterrange.xml
+++ b/reference/sphinx/sphinxclient/setfilterrange.xml
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
    <methodparam><type>string</type><parameter>attribute</parameter></methodparam>
    <methodparam><type>int</type><parameter>min</parameter></methodparam>
    <methodparam><type>int</type><parameter>max</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>bool</type><parameter>exclude</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>bool</type><parameter>exclude</parameter><initializer>false</initializer></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <para>
    Adds new integer range filter to the existing list of filters.
@@ -59,7 +59,6 @@
      <listitem>
       <para>
        If set to &true;, matching documents are excluded from the result set.
-       Defaults to &false;.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/sphinx/sphinxclient/setgroupby.xml b/reference/sphinx/sphinxclient/setgroupby.xml
index d0de360ec8..7f7d90344e 100644
--- a/reference/sphinx/sphinxclient/setgroupby.xml
+++ b/reference/sphinx/sphinxclient/setgroupby.xml
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
    <modifier>public</modifier> <type>bool</type><methodname>SphinxClient::setGroupBy</methodname>
    <methodparam><type>string</type><parameter>attribute</parameter></methodparam>
    <methodparam><type>int</type><parameter>func</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>groupsort</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>groupsort</parameter><initializer>"@group desc"</initializer></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <para>
    Sets grouping attribute, function, and group sorting mode, and enables
@@ -53,7 +53,6 @@
      <listitem>
       <para>
        An optional clause controlling how the groups are sorted.
-       Defaults to "@group desc".
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/spl/functions/class-implements.xml b/reference/spl/functions/class-implements.xml
index 368cadc30c..ee34041bf9 100644
--- a/reference/spl/functions/class-implements.xml
+++ b/reference/spl/functions/class-implements.xml
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
       <para>
        Whether to allow this function to load the class automatically through
        the <link linkend="language.oop5.autoload">__autoload</link> magic
-       method. Defaults to &true;.
+       method.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/spl/functions/class-parents.xml b/reference/spl/functions/class-parents.xml
index 6f7cbb472b..3853f615ad 100644
--- a/reference/spl/functions/class-parents.xml
+++ b/reference/spl/functions/class-parents.xml
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
       <para>
        Whether to allow this function to load the class automatically through
        the <link linkend="language.oop5.autoload">__autoload</link> magic
-       method. Defaults to &true;.
+       method.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/spl/recursiveiteratoriterator/setmaxdepth.xml b/reference/spl/recursiveiteratoriterator/setmaxdepth.xml
index 412c920b08..15f5582413 100644
--- a/reference/spl/recursiveiteratoriterator/setmaxdepth.xml
+++ b/reference/spl/recursiveiteratoriterator/setmaxdepth.xml
@@ -14,8 +14,7 @@
    <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>max_depth</parameter><initializer>-1</initializer></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <para>
-   Set the maximum allowed depth. Defaults to <literal>-1</literal>, 
-   which is any depth.
+   Set the maximum allowed depth.
   </para>
 
   &warn.undocumented.func;
diff --git a/reference/spl/splfixedarray/construct.xml b/reference/spl/splfixedarray/construct.xml
index 15ba794796..1095345072 100644
--- a/reference/spl/splfixedarray/construct.xml
+++ b/reference/spl/splfixedarray/construct.xml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
   &reftitle.description;
   <constructorsynopsis>
    <modifier>public</modifier> <methodname>SplFixedArray::__construct</methodname>
-   <methodparam><type>int</type><parameter>size</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>size</parameter><initializer>0</initializer></methodparam>
   </constructorsynopsis>
   <para>
    Constructs a new empty fixed array. 
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
      <term><parameter>size</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       The size of the fixed array, defaults to 0.
+       The size of the fixed array.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/spl/splfixedarray/fromarray.xml b/reference/spl/splfixedarray/fromarray.xml
index d8caae0883..a18b9e9d2b 100644
--- a/reference/spl/splfixedarray/fromarray.xml
+++ b/reference/spl/splfixedarray/fromarray.xml
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
   <methodsynopsis>
    <modifier>public</modifier> <modifier>static</modifier> <type>SplFixedArray</type><methodname>SplFixedArray::fromArray</methodname>
    <methodparam><type>array</type><parameter>array</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>boolean</type><parameter>save_indexes</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>boolean</type><parameter>save_indexes</parameter><initializer>true</initializer></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <para>
    Import the PHP array <parameter>array</parameter> 
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Try to save the numeric indexes used in the original array. 
-       Defaults to &true;.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/spl/splobjectstorage/attach.xml b/reference/spl/splobjectstorage/attach.xml
index 7bedb2caf1..6949c0180f 100644
--- a/reference/spl/splobjectstorage/attach.xml
+++ b/reference/spl/splobjectstorage/attach.xml
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
   <methodsynopsis>
    <modifier>public</modifier> <type>void</type><methodname>SplObjectStorage::attach</methodname>
    <methodparam><type>object</type><parameter>object</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>mixed</type><parameter>data</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>mixed</type><parameter>data</parameter><initializer>null</initializer></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <para>
    Adds an <type>object</type> inside the storage, and optionaly associate it to some data.
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
      <term><parameter>data</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       The data to associate with the <type>object</type>. Defaults to &null;.
+       The data to associate with the <type>object</type>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/sqlite3/sqlite3result/fetcharray.xml b/reference/sqlite3/sqlite3result/fetcharray.xml
index 5b81ba785a..5d0ee40c2f 100644
--- a/reference/sqlite3/sqlite3result/fetcharray.xml
+++ b/reference/sqlite3/sqlite3result/fetcharray.xml
@@ -31,8 +31,7 @@
       <para>
        Controls how the next row will be returned to the caller. This value
        must be one of either <literal>SQLITE3_ASSOC</literal>,
-       <literal>SQLITE3_NUM</literal>, or <literal>SQLITE3_BOTH</literal>. It
-       defaults to <literal>SQLITE3_BOTH</literal>.
+       <literal>SQLITE3_NUM</literal>, or <literal>SQLITE3_BOTH</literal>.
        <itemizedlist>
         <listitem>
          <para>
diff --git a/reference/ssh2/functions/ssh2-fingerprint.xml b/reference/ssh2/functions/ssh2-fingerprint.xml
index bd78dfec2a..633bcef7b6 100644
--- a/reference/ssh2/functions/ssh2-fingerprint.xml
+++ b/reference/ssh2/functions/ssh2-fingerprint.xml
@@ -40,8 +40,6 @@
        <constant>SSH2_FINGERPRINT_SHA1</constant> logically ORed with
        <constant>SSH2_FINGERPRINT_HEX</constant> or
        <constant>SSH2_FINGERPRINT_RAW</constant>.
-       Defaults to <constant>SSH2_FINGERPRINT_MD5</constant> |
-       <constant>SSH2_FINGERPRINT_HEX</constant>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/ssh2/functions/ssh2-shell.xml b/reference/ssh2/functions/ssh2-shell.xml
index 9b7a57f657..e0b85f0c90 100644
--- a/reference/ssh2/functions/ssh2-shell.xml
+++ b/reference/ssh2/functions/ssh2-shell.xml
@@ -40,8 +40,7 @@
      <listitem>
       <para>
        <parameter>term_type</parameter> should correspond to one of the
-       entries in the target system's <literal>/etc/termcap</literal> file
-       and defaults to <literal>vanilla</literal>.
+       entries in the target system's <literal>/etc/termcap</literal> file.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/strings/functions/chunk-split.xml b/reference/strings/functions/chunk-split.xml
index c742278ff1..d82efc1136 100644
--- a/reference/strings/functions/chunk-split.xml
+++ b/reference/strings/functions/chunk-split.xml
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@
   <methodsynopsis>
    <type>string</type><methodname>chunk_split</methodname>
    <methodparam><type>string</type><parameter>body</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>chunklen</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>end</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>chunklen</parameter><initializer>76</initializer></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>end</parameter><initializer>"\r\n"</initializer></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <para>
    Can be used to split a string into smaller chunks which is useful for
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
      <term><parameter>chunklen</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       The chunk length. Defaults to 76.
+       The chunk length.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
      <term><parameter>end</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       The line ending sequence. Defaults to "\r\n".
+       The line ending sequence.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/strings/functions/count-chars.xml b/reference/strings/functions/count-chars.xml
index e60834c87d..46f86309c2 100644
--- a/reference/strings/functions/count-chars.xml
+++ b/reference/strings/functions/count-chars.xml
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
      <term><parameter>mode</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       The optional parameter <parameter>mode</parameter> defaults to 0.
+       See return values.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/strings/functions/md5-file.xml b/reference/strings/functions/md5-file.xml
index 4b1e359448..36ede04865 100644
--- a/reference/strings/functions/md5-file.xml
+++ b/reference/strings/functions/md5-file.xml
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
      <listitem>
       <para>
        When &true;, returns the digest in raw binary format with a length of
-       16. Defaults to &false;.
+       16.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/strings/functions/md5.xml b/reference/strings/functions/md5.xml
index afa7e10fa9..c1bb210c58 100644
--- a/reference/strings/functions/md5.xml
+++ b/reference/strings/functions/md5.xml
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
       <para>
        If the optional <parameter>raw_output</parameter> is set to &true;,
        then the md5 digest is instead returned in raw binary format with a
-       length of 16. Defaults to &false;.
+       length of 16.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/strings/functions/nl2br.xml b/reference/strings/functions/nl2br.xml
index 6780028bef..70a2749d3c 100644
--- a/reference/strings/functions/nl2br.xml
+++ b/reference/strings/functions/nl2br.xml
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
      <term><parameter>is_xhtml</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       Whenever to use XHTML compatible line breaks or not (defaults to &true;).
+       Whenever to use XHTML compatible line breaks or not.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/strings/functions/sha1-file.xml b/reference/strings/functions/sha1-file.xml
index c628db2a81..5be6922776 100644
--- a/reference/strings/functions/sha1-file.xml
+++ b/reference/strings/functions/sha1-file.xml
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
      <listitem>
       <para>
        When &true;, returns the digest in raw binary format with a length of
-       20. Defaults to &false;.
+       20.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/strings/functions/sha1.xml b/reference/strings/functions/sha1.xml
index 4a80d21577..dff7d4d50d 100644
--- a/reference/strings/functions/sha1.xml
+++ b/reference/strings/functions/sha1.xml
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
        If the optional <parameter>raw_output</parameter> is set to &true;,
        then the sha1 digest is instead returned in raw binary format with a
        length of 20, otherwise the returned value is a 40-character
-       hexadecimal number. Defaults to &false;.
+       hexadecimal number.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/strings/functions/str-getcsv.xml b/reference/strings/functions/str-getcsv.xml
index 63e6066d8d..d9c5e8ad2d 100644
--- a/reference/strings/functions/str-getcsv.xml
+++ b/reference/strings/functions/str-getcsv.xml
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@
   <methodsynopsis>
    <type>array</type><methodname>str_getcsv</methodname>
    <methodparam><type>string</type><parameter>input</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>delimiter</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>enclosure</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>escape</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>delimiter</parameter><initializer>','</initializer></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>enclosure</parameter><initializer>'"'</initializer></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>escape</parameter><initializer>'\\'</initializer></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <para>
    Similar to <function>fgetcsv</function> this functions parses a 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
      <term><parameter>delimiter</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       Set the field delimiter (one character only). Defaults as a comma.
+       Set the field delimiter (one character only).
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
@@ -48,8 +48,7 @@
      <term><parameter>enclosure</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       Set the field enclosure character (one character only). Defaults as a
-       double quotation mark.
+       Set the field enclosure character (one character only).
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/strings/functions/wordwrap.xml b/reference/strings/functions/wordwrap.xml
index 22797fc3e0..a195d22bce 100644
--- a/reference/strings/functions/wordwrap.xml
+++ b/reference/strings/functions/wordwrap.xml
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
      <term><parameter>width</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       The column width. Defaults to 75.
+       The column width.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
@@ -46,8 +46,7 @@
      <listitem>
       <para>
        The line is broken using the optional
-       <parameter>break</parameter> parameter. Defaults to 
-       '<literal>\n</literal>'.
+       <parameter>break</parameter> parameter.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/svn/functions/svn-log.xml b/reference/svn/functions/svn-log.xml
index 490b1d1960..73ff583988 100644
--- a/reference/svn/functions/svn-log.xml
+++ b/reference/svn/functions/svn-log.xml
@@ -79,8 +79,7 @@
       <para>
        Any combination of <constant>SVN_OMIT_MESSAGES</constant>,
        <constant>SVN_DISCOVER_CHANGED_PATHS</constant> and
-       <constant>SVN_STOP_ON_COPY</constant>, defaults to
-       <userinput>SVN_DISCOVER_CHANGED_PATHS | SVN_STOP_ON_COPY</userinput>.
+       <constant>SVN_STOP_ON_COPY</constant>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/svn/functions/svn-revert.xml b/reference/svn/functions/svn-revert.xml
index 41357afdff..888bd4a369 100644
--- a/reference/svn/functions/svn-revert.xml
+++ b/reference/svn/functions/svn-revert.xml
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
      <term><parameter>recursive</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       Optionally make recursive changes. Defaults to &false;
+       Optionally make recursive changes.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/xmlrpc/functions/xmlrpc-decode.xml b/reference/xmlrpc/functions/xmlrpc-decode.xml
index 8a1dc99e69..c15221dd97 100644
--- a/reference/xmlrpc/functions/xmlrpc-decode.xml
+++ b/reference/xmlrpc/functions/xmlrpc-decode.xml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
   <methodsynopsis>
    <type>mixed</type><methodname>xmlrpc_decode</methodname>
    <methodparam><type>string</type><parameter>xml</parameter></methodparam>
-   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>encoding</parameter></methodparam>
+   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>encoding</parameter><initializer>"iso-8859-1"</initializer></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
   &warn.experimental.func;
  </refsect1>
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
      <term><parameter>encoding</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       Input encoding supported by iconv (defaults to "iso-8859-1").
+       Input encoding supported by iconv.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/reference/xmlwriter/functions/xmlwriter-set-indent.xml b/reference/xmlwriter/functions/xmlwriter-set-indent.xml
index 5d019539b2..a240d7467d 100644
--- a/reference/xmlwriter/functions/xmlwriter-set-indent.xml
+++ b/reference/xmlwriter/functions/xmlwriter-set-indent.xml
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
      <term><parameter>indent</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       Whether indentation is enabled. Defaults to &false;.
+       Whether indentation is enabled.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>